\(\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\Leftrightarrow ab=bc+ac\Leftrightarrow2ab-2bc-2ac=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}=\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab-2bc-2ac}\\ =\sqrt{\left(a+b-c\right)^2}=\left|a+b-c\right|\left(dpcm\right)\)

Câu 23:

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Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{a}{b^2}=x\\\dfrac{b}{c^2}=y\\\dfrac{c}{a^2}=z\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow xyz=1;x+y+z=\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\)

Ta có \(x+y+z=\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x+y+z=xy+yz+zx\)

\(\Leftrightarrow xyz-1+x+y+z-xy-yz-zx=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)\left(z-1\right)=0\)

​\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)\left(z-1\right)=0\)​

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=1\\z=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{a}{b^2}=1\\\dfrac{b}{c^2}=1\\\dfrac{c}{a^2}=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=b^2\\b=c^2\\c=a^2\end{matrix}\right.\left(đpcm\right)\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-b=x\\b-c=y\\c-a=z\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow x+y+z=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow A=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}+\dfrac{1}{z^2}}\\ \Leftrightarrow A=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)^2-2\left(\dfrac{1}{xy}+\dfrac{1}{yz}+\dfrac{1}{xz}\right)}\\ \Leftrightarrow A=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)^2-\dfrac{2\left(x+y+z\right)}{xyz}}\\ \Leftrightarrow A=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)^2-\dfrac{2\cdot0}{xyz}}\\ \Leftrightarrow A=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)^2}=\left|\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right|\left(đpcm\right)\)

Ta có : \(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\text{=}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+2\left(\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{ac}+\dfrac{1}{bc}\right)\)

\(\text{=}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+2.\dfrac{c+b-a}{abc}\)

\(\text{=}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2\left(do-a\text{=}b+c\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}\text{=}\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2}\)

\(\text{=}\left|\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right|\)

Do \(a,b,c\) là các số hữu tỉ khác 0 nên

\(\left|\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right|\) là một số hữu tỉ

\(\Rightarrow dpcm\)

Ta có : 

 P = \(\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2ac}+\dfrac{1}{2ab}-\dfrac{1}{2bc}}\)

\(=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2abc}\left(b+c-a\right)}\)

\(=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2}=\left|\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right|\) (do a = b + c) 

=> P là số hữu tỉ với a,b,c \(\ne0\)

 P = 

 (do a = b + c) 

=> P là số hữu tỉ với a,b,c 

Lời giải:
\(\frac{1}{(a-b)^2}+\frac{1}{(b-c)^2}+\frac{1}{(a-c)^2}=(\frac{1}{a-b}+\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{1}{c-a})^2-2(\frac{1}{(a-b)(b-c)}+\frac{1}{(b-c)(c-a)}+\frac{1}{(a-b)(c-a)})\)

\(=(\frac{1}{a-b}+\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{1}{c-a})^2-2.\frac{c-a+a-b+b-c}{(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)}=(\frac{1}{a-b}+\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{1}{c-a})^2\)

\(\Rightarrow \sqrt{\frac{1}{(a-b)^2}+\frac{1}{(b-c)^2}+\frac{1}{(c-a)^2}}=|\frac{1}{a-b}+\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{1}{c-a}|\) là số hữu tỷ (đpcm)

\(S=1.3^0+2.3^1+3.3^2+...+11.3^{10}\)

\(3S=1.3^1+2.3^2+...+11.3^{11}\)

\(\Rightarrow S-3S=1+3^1+3^2+...+3^{10}-11.3^{11}\)

\(\Rightarrow-2S=1.\dfrac{3^{11}-1}{3-1}-11.3^{11}\)

\(\Rightarrow-2S=\dfrac{1}{2}.3^{11}-\dfrac{1}{2}-11.3^{11}\)

\(\Rightarrow-2S=-\dfrac{21.3^{11}+1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow S=\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{21.3^{11}}{4}\)