Lời giải:

Xét số hạng tổng quát:

\(\frac{2n+1}{[n(n+1)]^2}=\frac{1}{n(n+1)}.\frac{2n+1}{n(n+1)}=\frac{n+1-n}{n(n+1)}.\frac{n+(n+1)}{n(n+1)}\)

\(=\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)\left(\frac{1}{n}+\frac{1}{n+1}\right)=\frac{1}{n^2}-\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}\)

Do đó:

\(S=\frac{3}{(1.2)^2}+\frac{5}{(2.3)^2}+....+\frac{2n+1}{[n(n+1)]^2}\)

\(=1-\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^2}-\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}-\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{n^2}-\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}\)

\(=1-\frac{1}{(n+1)^2}\)

\(A=\dfrac{3}{\left(1\cdot2\right)^2}+\dfrac{5}{\left(2\cdot3\right)^2}+\dfrac{7}{\left(3\cdot4\right)^2}+...+\dfrac{2n+1}{\left[n\left(n+1\right)\right]^2}\)

\(A=\dfrac{3}{1\cdot4}+\dfrac{5}{4\cdot9}+\dfrac{7}{9\cdot16}+...+\dfrac{2n+1}{n^2\cdot\left(n^2+2n+1\right)}\)

\(A=1-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{16}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}-\dfrac{1}{n^2+2n+1}\)

\(A=1-\dfrac{1}{n^2+2n+1}\)

\(A=\dfrac{n\left(n+2\right)}{\left(n+1\right)^2}\)

\(a=lim\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{2}{6}\right)^n+1-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{4}{6}\right)^n}{\left(\dfrac{3}{6}\right)^n+6}=\dfrac{1}{6}\)

\(b=\lim\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)^2}{3n^2+4}=\lim\dfrac{n^2+2n+1}{3n^2+4}=\lim\dfrac{1+\dfrac{2}{n}+\dfrac{1}{n^2}}{3+\dfrac{4}{n^2}}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(c=\lim\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2\left(n^2-3\right)}=\lim\dfrac{n^2+n}{2n^2-6}=\lim\dfrac{1+\dfrac{1}{n}}{2-\dfrac{6}{n^2}}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(d=\lim\left[1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\right]=\lim\left[1-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\right]=1\)

\(e=\lim\dfrac{1}{2}\left[1-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{5}+...+\dfrac{1}{2n-1}-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\right]\)

\(=\lim\dfrac{1}{2}\left[1-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\right]=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(lim\dfrac{\left(n+2\right)^{50}\left(n-3\right)^{80}}{\left(2n-1\right)^{40}\left(3n-2\right)^{45}}=lim\dfrac{\left(1+\dfrac{2}{n^{50}}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{3}{n^{35}}\right)\left(n-3\right)^{45}}{\left(2-\dfrac{1}{n^{50}}\right)\left(3-\dfrac{2}{n^{45}}\right)}=+\infty\)

\(lim\dfrac{4^n}{2.3^n+4^n}=lim\dfrac{1}{2.\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n+1}=\dfrac{1}{0+1}=1\)

\(lim\dfrac{3^n-2.5^n}{7+3.5^n}=lim\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{3}{5}\right)^n-2}{\dfrac{7}{5^n}+3}=\dfrac{0-2}{0+3}=\dfrac{-2}{3}\)

\(lim\dfrac{4^n-5^n}{2^{2n}+3.5^{2n}}=lim\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{4}{25}\right)^n-\left(\dfrac{1}{5}\right)^n}{\left(\dfrac{2}{5}\right)^{2n}+3}=\dfrac{0-0}{0+3}=0\)

\(lim\dfrac{\left(-3\right)^n+5^n}{2.\left(-4\right)^n+5^n}=lim\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{-3}{5}\right)^n+1}{2.\left(-\dfrac{4}{5}\right)^n+1}=\dfrac{0+1}{0+1}=1\)

1.

Nhớ rằng \(\lim _{x\to \infty}\frac{1}{x}=0\) và \(\lim _{x\to a}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{\lim_{x\to a}f(x)}{\lim_{x\to a}g(x)}\) với \(g(x)\neq 0; \lim_{x\to a}g(x)\neq 0\)

Do đó:

\(\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{(n+2)^{50}.(n-3)^{80}}{(2n-1)^{40}.(3n-2)^{45}}=\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{n^{130}(\frac{n+2}{n})^{50}.(\frac{n-3}{n})^{80}}{n^{85}(\frac{2n-1}{n})^{40}.(\frac{3n-2}{n})^{45}}\)

\(=\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{n^{45}(1+\frac{2}{n})^{50}(1-\frac{3}{n})^{80}}{(2-\frac{1}{n})^{40}.(3-\frac{2}{n})^{45}}\)

\(=\frac{\lim_{n\to \infty}[n^{45}(1+\frac{2}{n})^{50}(1-\frac{3}{n})^{80}]}{\lim_{n\to \infty}[(2-\frac{1}{n})^{40}.(3-\frac{2}{n})^{45}]}\)

\(=\frac{\lim_{n\to \infty}n^{45}.1^{50}.1^{80}}{2^{40}.3^{45}}=\frac{\infty}{2^{40}.3^{45}}=\infty\)

2)

\(\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{4^n}{2.3^n+4^n}=\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{1}{\frac{2.3^n+4^n}{4^n}}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{2.(\frac{3}{4})^n+1}\)

\(=\frac{1}{\lim_{n\to \infty}[2.(\frac{3}{4})^n+1]}=\frac{1}{2.0+1}=1\)

3)

\(\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{3^n-2.5^n}{7+3.5^n}=\lim_{n\to \infty}\frac{(\frac{3}{5})^n-2}{\frac{7}{5^n}+3}\)

\(=\frac{\lim_{n\to \infty}[(\frac{3}{5})^n-2]}{\lim_{n\to \infty}[\frac{7}{5^n}+3]}=\frac{0-2}{0+3}=\frac{-2}{3}\)

\(a, \)\(\left(3^2\right)^2-\left(2^3\right)^2-\left(-5^2\right)^2=9^2-8^2-10^2\)

= \(81-64-100\)

\(=-83\)

\(b,\)\(2^3+3.\left(-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^0-\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2.4+\left(\left(-2\right)^2:\dfrac{1}{2}\right):8=8+3.1-\dfrac{1}{4}.4+\left(4:\dfrac{1}{2}\right):8\) \(=8+3-1+8:8\)

\(=8+3-1+1\)

\(=11\)

\(A=\dfrac{3}{\left(1.2\right)^2}+\dfrac{5}{\left(2.3\right)^2}+...+\dfrac{2n+1}{\left[n\left(n+1\right)\right]^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{3}{1.4}+\dfrac{5}{4.9}+...+\dfrac{2n+1}{n^2\left(n^2+2n+1\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}-\dfrac{1}{n^2+2n+1}\)

\(=1-\dfrac{1}{n^2+2n+1}\)

\(=\dfrac{n^2+2n}{n^2+2n+1}=\dfrac{n\left(n+2\right)}{\left(n+1\right)^2}\)

Xét thừa số tổng quát:

\(\dfrac{k}{\left(\dfrac{k-1}{2}.\dfrac{k+1}{2}\right)^2}\)\(=\dfrac{k}{\left(\dfrac{\left(k-1\right)\left(k+1\right)}{4}\right)^2}=\dfrac{k}{\left(\dfrac{\left(k-1\right)\left(k+1\right)}{4}\right)^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{k}{\dfrac{\left[\left(k-1\right)\left(k+1\right)\right]^2}{16}}=\dfrac{k}{\dfrac{\left(k^2-1\right)^2}{16}}=\dfrac{16k}{\left(k^2-1\right)^2}\)

Thay \(k=3;5;....2n+1\) ta được:

\(\dfrac{16.3}{\left(3^2-1\right)^2}+\dfrac{16.5}{\left(5^2-1\right)^2}+....+\dfrac{16.n}{\left(n^2-1\right)^2}\)

\(=16.\left(\dfrac{3}{\left(3^2-1\right)^2}+\dfrac{5}{\left(5^2-1\right)^2}+...+\dfrac{n}{\left(n^2-1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(=16.\left(\dfrac{3}{\left[\left(3-1\right)\left(3+1\right)\right]^2}+\dfrac{5}{\left[\left(5-1\right)\left(5+1\right)\right]^2}+...+\dfrac{n}{\left[\left(n-1\right)\left(n+1\right)\right]^2}\right)\)

\(=16.\left(\dfrac{3}{4.16}+\dfrac{5}{16.36}+...+\dfrac{n}{\left(n-1\right)^2.\left(n+1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(=4.\left(\dfrac{12}{4.16}+\dfrac{20}{16.36}+...+\dfrac{4n}{\left(n-1\right)^2.\left(n+1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(=4.\left(\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{16}+\dfrac{1}{16}-\dfrac{1}{36}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(n-1\right)^2}-\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(=4.\left(\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(=4.\left(\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)^2}{4\left(n+1\right)^2}-\dfrac{4}{4\left(n+1\right)^2}\right)\)

\(=4.\left(\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)^2-4}{4\left(n+1\right)^2}\right)=\dfrac{4\left(n+1\right)^2-16}{4\left(n+1\right)^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{4\left[\left(n+1\right)^2-4\right]}{4\left(n+1\right)^2}=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)^2-4}{\left(n+1\right)^2}\)

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