\(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}=\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+ac+bc}}=\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{a}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}\right)\) Chứng minh tương tự ta được:

\(\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{b}{b+a}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}\right);\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{c}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{c+b}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}+\dfrac{b}{b+a}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}+\dfrac{c}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{c+b}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a+b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b+c}{b+c}+\dfrac{c+a}{c+a}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(1+1+1\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\) Dấu = xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

\(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}=\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+bc+ca}}=\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}\right)\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{c}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{b+c}\right)\)

Cộng vế:

\(VT\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{b}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{a+c}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}+\dfrac{c}{b+c}\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a-2\sqrt{ab}+b\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)

\(ab+1\le b\Rightarrow a+\dfrac{1}{b}\le1\)

Đặt \(\left(a;\dfrac{1}{b}\right)=\left(x;y\right)\Rightarrow x+y\le1\)

\(P=x+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+y+\dfrac{1}{y^2}=\left(\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{1}{16x^2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{y}{2}+\dfrac{y}{2}+\dfrac{1}{16y^2}\right)+\dfrac{15}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}\right)\)

\(P\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{x^2}{64x^2}}+3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{y^2}{64y^2}}+\dfrac{15}{32}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2\)

\(P\ge\dfrac{3}{2}+\dfrac{15}{32}\left(\dfrac{4}{x+y}\right)^2\ge\dfrac{3}{2}+\dfrac{15}{32}.\left(\dfrac{4}{1}\right)^2=9\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\) hay \(\left(a;b\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{2};2\right)\)

*Chứng minh bất đẳng thức

Ta có: \(\forall a,b\ge0\) thì \(\left(\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}\right)^2\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a+b-2\sqrt{ab}\ge0\) \(\Leftrightarrow a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\) \(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\)  (đpcm)

Ta có: \(\left(\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}\right)^2\ge0\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a-2\sqrt{ab}+b\ge0\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\forall a,b>0\)(đpcm)

\(BĐT\Leftrightarrow\sum\dfrac{2bc}{1+a^2}\le\dfrac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow\sum\dfrac{-2bc}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}\ge-\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sum\dfrac{2a^2+\left(b-c\right)^2}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)

ÁP dụng BĐT cauchy-schwarz:

\(\sum\dfrac{2a^2}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}\ge\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{4\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}\)

và \(\sum\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}=\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{2c^2+a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{\left(a-c\right)^2}{2b^2+a^2+c^2}\ge\dfrac{4\left(a-c\right)^2}{4\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-c\right)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}\)

( Lưu ý : \(\left(c-a\right)^2=\left(a-c\right)^2\)) (1)

Do vậy cần chứng minh \(\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2+2\left(a-c\right)^2}{2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a+b+c\right)^2+4\left(a-c\right)^2\ge6\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc-ac-b^2\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\ge0\) (*)

(*) không phải luôn đúng, tuy nhiên ta có thể ép cho nó đúng .

bằng cách đáng giá tương tự BĐT (1) :

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{\left(b-a\right)^2}{2c^2+a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)^2}{2b^2+a^2+c^2}\ge\dfrac{\left(b-a\right)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}\\\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{2c^2+a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{\left(c-b\right)^2}{2a^2+b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)^2}{2b^2+a^2+c^2}\ge\dfrac{\left(c-b\right)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

ta thu được BĐT cần chứng minh tương đương \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\ge0\left(3\right)\\\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)\ge0\left(4\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Dễ thấy \(\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right).\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right).\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)=\left[\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\right]^2\ge0\)

tích của chúng là 1 số không âm nên có ít nhất 1 số không âm .Chứng tỏ có ít nhất 1 BĐT đúng

Do đó ta có đpcm

Dấu = xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

2a)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+a+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}=\dfrac{1}{a+c+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(b+c\right)}\)

\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\)

Chứng minh rằng \(\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\forall a,b>0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ( đpcm )

Vì \(\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)

Mà \(VT\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)( đpcm )

Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)

2b)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}1+a^2\ge2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\\1+b^2\ge2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\\1+c^2\ge2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}\le\dfrac{a}{2a}=\dfrac{1}{2}\\\dfrac{b}{1+b^2}\le\dfrac{b}{2b}=\dfrac{1}{2}\\\dfrac{c}{1+c^2}\le\dfrac{c}{2c}=\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{b}{1+b^2}+\dfrac{c}{1+c^2}\le\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\) ( đpcm )

Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Bài 1)

Nháp : nhìn nhanh ta thấy nên áp dụng BĐT \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)

Giải

Vì x,y > 0 =) 2x + y > 0 , x + 2y > 0

Áp dụng BĐT cauchy dạng phân thức cho hai bộ số không âm \(\dfrac{1}{2x+y}\)và\(\dfrac{1}{x+2y}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{x+2y}+\dfrac{1}{2x+y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+2y+2x+y}=\dfrac{4}{3\left(x+y\right)}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(3x+3y\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2x+y}+\dfrac{1}{x+2y}\right)\ge\left(3x+3y\right).\dfrac{4}{3\left(x+y\right)}=4\)

Dấu '' = "xảy ra khi và chỉ khi x + 2y = y + 2x (=) x=y

ta có:

\(1+a^2\ge2\sqrt{a^2.1}=2a\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}\le\dfrac{a}{2a}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

tương tự, ta có: \(\dfrac{b}{b^2+1}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\); \(\dfrac{c}{c^2+1}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\)

công từ vế với nhau, ta có điều cần phải chứng minh

\(P=\dfrac{4}{a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{1}{ab}=\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)^2-2ab}+\dfrac{1}{ab}=\dfrac{4}{2-2ab}+\dfrac{1}{ab}=\dfrac{2}{1-ab}+\dfrac{1}{ab}\)Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopxki dạng phân thức ta có:

\(\dfrac{2}{1-ab}+\dfrac{1}{ab}\ge\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2}{1-ab+ab}=\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2\) hay \(P\ge\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)^2\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{1-ab}=\dfrac{1}{ab};a+b=\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=\sqrt{2}\\ab=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+1}\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left(a;b\right)=\left(1;-1+\sqrt{2}\right),\left(-1+\sqrt{2};1\right)\)

Ta có: \(0\le a\le b\le c\le1\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}1-a\ge0\\1-b\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left(1-a\right)\left(1-b\right)\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow1-b-a+ab\ge0\Leftrightarrow1+ab\ge a+b\)(1)

Tiếp tục chứng minh ta được: \(0\le a\le b\le c\le1\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}1\ge c\\ab\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)(2)

Cộng theo vế pt(1) với pt(2) ta được:

\(1+ab+1+ab\ge a+b+c+0\)

\(\Rightarrow2\left(ab+1\right)\ge a+b+c\)

Nên: \(\dfrac{c}{ab+1}=\dfrac{2c}{2\left(ab+1\right)}\le\dfrac{2c}{a+b+c}\)

Chứng minh tương tự suy ra đpcm

Câu hỏi của Phạm Quốc Anh - Toán lớp 7 - Học toán với OnlineMath