Hiển nhiên \(a;b;c\ne0\)

Đặt \(a^2-ab=b^2-bc-c^2-ca=k\ne0\) (do a;b;c phân biệt và khác 0)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-b=\dfrac{k}{a}\\b-c=\dfrac{k}{b}\\c-a=\dfrac{k}{a}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)+\left(b-c\right)+\left(c-a\right)=\dfrac{k}{a}+\dfrac{k}{b}+\dfrac{k}{c}\)

\(\Rightarrow0=\dfrac{k}{a}+\dfrac{k}{b}+\dfrac{k}{c}\)

\(\Rightarrow k\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{0}{k}=0\)

Lời giải:

\(\frac{ab}{a+b}=\frac{bc}{b+c}=\frac{ca}{c+a}\Rightarrow \frac{abc}{c(a+b)}=\frac{abc}{a(b+c)}=\frac{bca}{b(c+a)}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow c(a+b)=a(b+c)=b(c+a)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow ac+bc=ab+ac=bc+ab\Leftrightarrow ab=bc=ac\)

\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\) (do $a,b,c>0$)

$\Rightarrow M=\frac{a^2+a^2+a^2}{a^2+a^2+a^2}=1$

Sửa \(\le\) thành \(\ge\) nha bạn

\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=1\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca=abc\)

Ta có \(\dfrac{a^2}{a+bc}=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+abc}=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{a^3}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}\)

Tương tự: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{b+ca}=\dfrac{b^3}{\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}\\\dfrac{c^2}{c+ba}=\dfrac{c^3}{\left(c+b\right)\left(c+a\right)}\end{matrix}\right.\)

Áp dụng BĐT cosi:

\(\dfrac{a^3}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{a+b}{8}+\dfrac{a+c}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^3}{64}}=\dfrac{3}{4}a\)

\(\dfrac{b^3}{\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{a+b}{8}+\dfrac{b+c}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{b^3}{64}}=\dfrac{3}{4}b\)

\(\dfrac{c^3}{\left(c+b\right)\left(c+a\right)}+\dfrac{b+c}{8}+\dfrac{a+c}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{c^3}{64}}=\dfrac{3}{4}c\)

Cộng VTV:

\(\Leftrightarrow VT+\dfrac{a+b}{8}+\dfrac{a+c}{8}+\dfrac{b+c}{8}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}\left(a+b+c\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{3\left(a+b+c\right)}{4}-\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{8}\\ \Leftrightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{4}\)

Dấu \("="\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=3\)

\(\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{ab+2c}}=\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{ab+\left(a+b+c\right)c}}=\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}=ab\cdot\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a+b}\cdot\dfrac{1}{b+c}}\le ab\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}+\dfrac{ab}{b+c}\right)\)

CMTT: \(\dfrac{bc}{\sqrt{bc+2a}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{bc}{a+b}+\dfrac{bc}{a+c}\right);\dfrac{ac}{\sqrt{ac+2b}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{ac}{b+c}+\dfrac{ac}{b+a}\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{ab}{c+a}+\dfrac{ab}{c+b}+\dfrac{bc}{b+a}+\dfrac{bc}{c+a}+\dfrac{ac}{b+c}+\dfrac{ac}{b+c}\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow P\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left[\dfrac{b\left(a+c\right)}{a+c}+\dfrac{a\left(b+c\right)}{b+c}+\dfrac{c\left(a+b\right)}{a+b}\right]=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)=1\)

Dấu \("="\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{2}{3}\)

\(\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{ab+2c}}=\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{ab+c\left(a+b+c\right)}}=\dfrac{ab}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{ab}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab}{b+c}\right)\)

Tương tự:

\(\dfrac{bc}{\sqrt{bc+2a}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{bc}{a+b}+\dfrac{bc}{a+c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{ca}{\sqrt{ac+2b}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{ca}{a+b}+\dfrac{ca}{b+c}\right)\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{bc}{a+b}+\dfrac{ca}{a+b}+\dfrac{ab}{a+c}+\dfrac{bc}{a+c}+\dfrac{ab}{b+c}+\dfrac{ca}{b+c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)=1\)

\(P_{max}=1\) khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{2}{3}\)

Đặt A = \(\dfrac{a-b}{1+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{1+b^2}=0\)

= \(\dfrac{a-b}{c^2+ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{b-c}{a^2+ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{c-a}{b^2+ab+bc+ca}\)

= \(\dfrac{a-b}{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}+\dfrac{b-c}{\left(a+b\right)\left(c+a\right)}+\dfrac{c-a}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)

= \(\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}\)

= \(\dfrac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)

\(\dfrac{a-b}{1+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{1+b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a-b}{ab+bc+ca+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{ab+bc+ca+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{ab+bc+ca+b^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a-b}{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}+\dfrac{b-c}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{c-a}{\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c-a\right)\left(c+a\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)

\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)

\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)

\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)

\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)

\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Tách biểu thức như sau:

\(\left(\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{b}{12}+\dfrac{c}{6}+\dfrac{8}{abc}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{18}+\dfrac{b}{24}+\dfrac{2}{ab}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{16}+\dfrac{c}{8}+\dfrac{2}{bc}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{c}{6}+\dfrac{2}{ca}\right)+\left(\dfrac{13a}{18}+\dfrac{13b}{24}\right)+\left(\dfrac{13b}{48}+\dfrac{13c}{24}\right)\)

c=c.1 thay 1 bằng a+b+c xong cô si