Lời giải:

Đặt $\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}=k\Rightarrow a=bk, c=dk$. Khi đó:

$\frac{a}{b}=\frac{bk}{b}=k(1)$

$\frac{a^2+c^2}{b^2+c^2}=\frac{(bk)^2+(dk)^2}{b^2+(dk)^2}=\frac{k^2(b^2+d^2)}{b^2+d^2k^2}(2)$

Từ $(1); (2)$ suy ra đề sai.

Đề bài \(S=\dfrac{a+b}{2c}+\dfrac{b+c}{3a}+\dfrac{c+a}{4b}\) đúng hơn chứ nhỉ?

ĐKXĐ: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b\ne-c\\c\ne-a\\a\ne-b\end{matrix}\right.\) và \(a,b,c\ne0\)

Áp dụng t/c dtsbn:

\(\dfrac{a}{b+c}=\dfrac{b}{c+a}=\dfrac{c}{a+b}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{b+c+c+a+a+b}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2a=b+c\\2b=c+a\\2c=a+b\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow S=\dfrac{a+b}{2c}+\dfrac{b+c}{3a}+\dfrac{c+a}{4b}=\dfrac{2c}{2c}+\dfrac{2a}{3a}+\dfrac{2b}{4b}=1+\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{13}{6}\)

\(U_n=\dfrac{an^2-1}{n^2+3}\)

\(=\dfrac{an^2+3a-3a-1}{n^2+3}\)

\(=a+\dfrac{-3a-1}{n^2+3}\)

Để dãy này là dãy tăng thì \(U_{n+1}>U_n\)

=>\(a+\dfrac{-3a-1}{\left(n+1\right)^2+3}>a+\dfrac{-3a-1}{n^2+3}\)

=>\(\dfrac{-3a-1}{\left(n+1\right)^2+3}>\dfrac{-3a-1}{n^2+3}\)

=>\(\dfrac{3a+1}{\left(n+1\right)^2+3}< \dfrac{3a+1}{n^2+3}\)(1)

TH1: 3a+1>0

=>a>-1/3

(1)=>\(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2+3}< \dfrac{1}{n^2+3}\)

=>\(\left(n+1\right)^2+3>n^2+3\)

=>\(\left(n+1\right)^2>n^2\)

=>\(n^2+2n+1-n^2>0\)

=>\(2n+1>0\)(luôn đúng với mọi n>=1)

TH2: 3a+1<0

=>a<-1/3

(2) trở thành \(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2+3}>\dfrac{1}{n^2+3}\)

=>\(\left(n+1\right)^2+3< n^2+3\)

=>\(n^2+2n+1-n^2< 0\)

=>2n+1<0

=>2n<-1

=>\(n< -\dfrac{1}{2}\)(loại)

Vậy: \(a>-\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(\dfrac{2b+c-a}{a}=\dfrac{2c-b+a}{b}=\dfrac{2a+b-c}{c}=\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{a+b+c}=2\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2b+c-a=2a\\2c-b+a=2b\\2a+b-c=2c\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}3a-2b=c\\3b-2c=a\\3c-2a=b\end{matrix}\right.\text{ và }\left\{{}\begin{matrix}3a-c=2b\\3b-a=2c\\3c-b=2a\end{matrix}\right.\\ \Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{a\cdot b\cdot c}{2a\cdot2b\cdot3c}=\dfrac{1}{8}\)