\(\begin{array}{l}A{B^2} + \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC}  + \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {CA}  = {\overrightarrow {AB} ^2} + \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC}  + \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {CA} \\ = \overrightarrow {AB} (\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BC}  + \overrightarrow {CA} ) = \overrightarrow {AB} (\overrightarrow {AC}  + \overrightarrow {CA} ) = \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow 0  = 0.\end{array}\)

Ta có: \(AH \bot CB \Rightarrow (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {CB} ) = {90^o} \Leftrightarrow \cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {CB} ) = 0 \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {CB}  = 0\)

a) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AH}  - \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {AH}  = (\overrightarrow {AB}  - \overrightarrow {AC} ).\overrightarrow {AH}  = \overrightarrow {CB} .\overrightarrow {AH}  = 0\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AH}  = \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {AH} \)

b)  \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC}  - \overrightarrow {HB} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = (\overrightarrow {AB}  - \overrightarrow {HB} ).\overrightarrow {BC}  = (\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BH} ).\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = 0\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow {HB} .\overrightarrow {BC} \)

Có vẻ không đúng.

Giả sử \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MA}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}+\left(\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right)=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{0}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow M\equiv B\) (Vô lí)

Hình vẽ:

a, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)^2=\overrightarrow{BC}^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow AC^2+AB^2-2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=BC^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{AB^2+AC^2-BC^2}{2}=\dfrac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\)

b, \(2\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=CA^2+CB^2-BC^2=CA^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\dfrac{CA^2}{2}=\dfrac{8^2}{2}=32\)

Lời giải:

a) 

\(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(\Rightarrow (\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB})^2=\overrightarrow{BC}^2\Leftrightarrow AB^2+AC^2-2\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}=BC^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\) (đpcm)

Ta có:

\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\frac{AB^2+AC^2-BC^2}{2}=\frac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\)

\(\cos \angle A=\frac{\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}}{|\overrightarrow{AB}|.|\overrightarrow{AC}|}=\frac{20}{5.8}=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow \angle A=60^0\)

b) 

Tương tự phần a, \(\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\frac{CA^2+CB^2-AB^2}{2}=\frac{8^2+7^2-5^2}{2}=44\)

a)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BC}  + \overrightarrow {CD}  + \overrightarrow {DA}  = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BC} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {CD}  + \overrightarrow {DA} } \right)\\ = \overrightarrow {AC}  + \overrightarrow {CA}  = \overrightarrow {AA}  = \overrightarrow 0 .\end{array}\)

b)

\(\overrightarrow {AC}  - \overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {DC} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC}  - \overrightarrow {BD}  = \overrightarrow {DC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC}  - \overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {BC}  - \overrightarrow {BD} \)

a) \( AH \bot BC\) và \(BH \bot CA\)

\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = {90^o} \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 0\) . Do đó \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow 0 \)

Tương tự suy ra \(\overrightarrow {BH} .\overrightarrow {CA}  = \overrightarrow 0 \).

b) Gọi H có tọa độ (x; y)

\( \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AH}  = (x - ( - 1);y - 2) = (x + 1;y - 2)\\\overrightarrow {BH}  = (x - 8;y - ( - 1)) = (x - 8;y + 1)\end{array} \right.\)

Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow 0 \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC}  = (8 - 8;8 - ( - 1)) = (0;9)\)

\((x + 1).0 + (y - 2).9 = 0 \Leftrightarrow 9.(y - 2) = 0 \Leftrightarrow y = 2.\)

Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BH} .\overrightarrow {CA}  = \overrightarrow 0 \) và \(\overrightarrow {CA}  = ( - 1 - 8;2 - 8) = ( - 9; - 6)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}(x - 8).( - 9) + (y + 1).( - 6) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow  - 9x + 72 + 3.( - 6) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow  - 9x + 54 = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow x = 6.\end{array}\)

Vậy H có tọa độ (6; 2)

c) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB}  = (8 - ( - 1); - 1 - 2) = (9; - 3)\)\( \Rightarrow AB = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right| = \sqrt {{9^2} + {{( - 3)}^2}}  = 3\sqrt {10} \)

Và  \(\overrightarrow {BC}  = (0;9) \Rightarrow BC = \left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right| = \sqrt {{0^2} + {9^2}}  = 9\);

\(\overrightarrow {CA}  = ( - 9; - 6)\)\( \Rightarrow AC = \left| {\overrightarrow {CA} } \right| = \sqrt {{{( - 9)}^2} + {{( - 6)}^2}}  = 3\sqrt {13} .\)

Áp dụng định lí cosin cho tam giác ABC, ta có:

\(\cos \widehat A = \frac{{{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}}}{{2bc}} = \frac{{{{\left( {3\sqrt {13} } \right)}^2} + {{\left( {3\sqrt {10} } \right)}^2} - {{\left( 9 \right)}^2}}}{{2.3\sqrt {13} .3\sqrt {10} }} \approx 0,614\)\( \Rightarrow \widehat A \approx 52,{125^o}\)

\(\cos \widehat B = \frac{{{a^2} + {c^2} - {b^2}}}{{2ac}} = \frac{{{{\left( 9 \right)}^2} + {{\left( {3\sqrt {10} } \right)}^2} - {{\left( {3\sqrt {13} } \right)}^2}}}{{2.9.3\sqrt {10} }} = \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\)\( \Rightarrow \widehat B \approx 71,{565^o}\)

\( \Rightarrow \widehat C \approx 56,{31^o}\)

Vậy tam giác ABC có: \(a = 9;b = 3\sqrt {13} ;c = 3\sqrt {10} \); \(\widehat A \approx 52,{125^o};\widehat B \approx 71,{565^o};\widehat C \approx 56,{31^o}.\)

VT = \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{CD}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CD}=\overrightarrow{AD}\).
VP = \(\overrightarrow{AE}-\overrightarrow{DE}=\overrightarrow{AE}+\overrightarrow{ED}=\overrightarrow{AD}\).
VT = VP (đpcm).