a) Ta có: \({u_2} = {u_1} + d\)

\({u_3} = {u_2} + d = {u_1} + 2d\)

\({u_4} = {u_3} + d = {u_1} + 3d\)

\({u_5} = {u_4} + d = {u_1} + 4d\)

b) Công thức tính số hạng tổng quát \({u_n}\):

\({u_n} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\).

a)    Ta có:

\(\left. \begin{array}{l}{u_1} + {u_n} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = {u_1} + d + \left( {n - 2} \right)d = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_n} + {u_1} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\end{array} \right\} \Rightarrow {u_1} + {u_n} = {u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = ... = {u_n} + {u_1}\)

b)    Dựa vào công thức vừa chứng minh ta có: \(n\left( {{u_1} + {u_n}} \right)\) = \(2{S_n}\)

\(Bài.1:\\ u_7=u_1+6d\\ \Leftrightarrow-10=2+6d\\ \Rightarrow6d=-10-2=-12\\ Vậy:d=\dfrac{-12}{6}=-2\\ Bài.2:S_{10}=10.u_1+\dfrac{10.\left(10-1\right)}{2}.d=10.1+\dfrac{10.9}{2}.2=100\\ Bài.3:S_{2019}=2019.u_1+\dfrac{2019.\left(2019-1\right)}{2}.d\\ =2019.3+\dfrac{2019.2018}{2}.2=2019.2021=4080399\)

Bài 4:

\(d=u_2=u_1=5-2=3\)

Bài 5:

\(u_n=u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ \Leftrightarrow2018=2+\left(n-1\right).9\\ \Leftrightarrow2+9n-9=2018\\ \Leftrightarrow9n=2018-2+9\\ \Leftrightarrow9n=2025\\ \Leftrightarrow n=\dfrac{2025}{9}=225\)

Vậy: 2018 là số hạng thứ 225 của dãy

Bài 6:

Đề chưa có yêu cầu

4: d=u2-u1=3

5: Đặt 2018=2+(n-1)*9

=>9(n-1)=2016

=>n-1=224

=>n=225

=>2018 là số thứ 225

3:

\(S_{2019}=2019\left(\dfrac{2\cdot3+2018\cdot2}{2}\right)=4080399\)

2:

\(S_{10}=\dfrac{10\cdot\left(2\cdot1+9\cdot2\right)}{2}=10\left(1+9\right)=100\)

\(\begin{array}{l}{u_1} = \frac{1}{{1.2}} = \frac{1}{2}\\{u_2} = \frac{1}{{1.2}} + \frac{1}{{2.3}} = \frac{2}{3}\\{u_3} = \frac{1}{{1.2}} + \frac{1}{{2.3}} + \frac{1}{{3.4}} = \frac{3}{4}\\{u_n} = \frac{n}{{n + 1}}\end{array}\)

\(a,u_1+u_n=u_1+\left[u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]=u_1+u_1+\left(n-1\right)d=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ u_2+u_{n-1}=\left[u_1+d\right]+\left[u_1+\left(n-2\right)d\right]=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ ...\\ u_k+u_{n-k+1}=\left[u_1+\left(k-1\right)d\right]+\left[u_1+\left(n-k+1-1\right)d\right]=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)

\(b,u_1+u_n=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ u_2+u_{n-1}=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ ...\\ u_n+u_1=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)

Cộng vế với vế, ta được:

\(2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_n\right)=n\left[2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]\\ \Leftrightarrow2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_n\right)=n\left(u_1+u_n\right)\)

Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}{u_2} = \frac{{{u_1}}}{{1 + {u_1}}} = \frac{1}{{1 + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}\\{u_3} = \frac{{{u_2}}}{{1 + {u_2}}} = \frac{{\frac{1}{2}}}{{1 + \frac{1}{2}}} = \frac{1}{3}\end{array}\)

Suy ra, \({u_n} = \frac{1}{n}\)

\(u_2-u_1=d\\ u_3-u_1=\left(u_2+d\right)-u_1=\left(u_2-u_1\right)+d=d+d=2d\\ ...\\ u_n-u_1=\left(n-1\right)d\)

Ta có: 

\(u_n=u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ =4+\left(n-1\right)\cdot\left(-10\right)\\ =4-10n+10\\ =14-10n\)