Lời giải:

\(\frac{x-a}{b+c}+\frac{x-b}{c+a}+\frac{x-c}{a+b}=\frac{3x}{a+b+c}\)

$\Leftrightarrow \frac{x-a}{b+c}-1+\frac{x-b}{c+a}-1+\frac{x-c}{a+b}-1=\frac{3x}{a+b+c}-3$
$\Leftrightarrow \frac{x-(a+b+c)}{b+c}+\frac{x-(a+b+c)}{c+a}+\frac{x-(a+b+c)}{a+b}=\frac{3[x-(a+b+c)]}{a+b+c}$

$\Leftrightarrow (x-a-b-c)(\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{a+c}+\frac{1}{a+b}-\frac{3}{a+b+c})=0$

Nếu $\frac{1}{a+c}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}-\frac{3}{a+b+c}=0$ thì PT có nghiệm $x\in\mathbb{R}$ bất kỳ.

Nếu $x-a-b-c=0$

$\Rightarrow x=a+b+c$

\(\left(x-a\right)\left(x-b\right)+\left(x-b\right)\left(x-c\right)+\left(x-c\right)\left(x-a\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2-ax-bx+ab+x^2-bx-cx+bc+x^2-cx-ax+ac=0\\ \Leftrightarrow3x^2-2\left(a+b+c\right)x+ab+bc+ca=0\left(1\right)\)

pt(1) là pt bậc 2 ẩn x có:

\(\Delta'=\left(-a-b-c\right)^2-3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\\ =a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca-3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\\ =a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\\ =\dfrac{1}{2}\left[\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right]\)

pt có no kép nên delta' =0

nên: \(\dfrac{1}{2}\left[\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right]=0\\ \Rightarrow a-b=b-c=c-a=0\\ \Rightarrow a=b=c\)

bonus: khi đó pt: \(3\left(x-a\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow x-a=0\Leftrightarrow x=a\)

=> x=a=b=c

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x-a-b-c}{b+c}+\dfrac{x-b-a-c}{a+c}+\dfrac{x-c-a-b}{a+b}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-a-b-c\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=a+b+c\\\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

Xét \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)+\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)ĐK: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a\ne-b\\b\ne-c\\c\ne-a\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2+ab+bc+ca=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b+c=0\\ab+bc+ca=0\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}c=-\left(a+b\right)\\ab-\left(a+b\right)b-\left(a+b\right)a=0\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}c=-\left(a+b\right)\\ab+a^2+b^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=0\)

Vậy với x=a+b+c hoặc a=b=c=0 thì pt thỏa mãn.

Đặt \(\sqrt{x+m}=t\Rightarrow m=t^2-x\)

Pt trở thành:

\(x^2-2x-t=t^2-x\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-t^2-x-t=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+t\right)\left(x-t-1\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}-x=t\\x-1=t\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}-x=\sqrt{x+m}\left(x\le0\right)\\x-1=\sqrt{x+m}\left(x\ge1\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x^2-x=m\left(x\le0\right)\left(1\right)\\x^2-3x+1=m\left(x\ge1\right)\left(2\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

TH1: (1) có nghiệm duy nhất và (2) vô nghiệm (sử dụng đồ thị hoặc BBT)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m\ge0\\\left[{}\begin{matrix}m< -\dfrac{5}{4}\\\end{matrix}\right.\end{matrix}\right.\) (ko tồn tại m thỏa mãn)

TH2: (1) vô nghiệm và (2) có nghiệm duy nhất 

 \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m< 0\\\left[{}\begin{matrix}m=-\dfrac{5}{4}\\m>-1\end{matrix}\right.\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow\left\{-\dfrac{5}{4}\right\}\cup\left(-1;0\right)\)

Tham khảo ↑

Bài 2: 

c: Ta có: \(\left(x+3\right)\left(x-7\right)+\left(5-x\right)\left(x+4\right)=10\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-7x+3x-21+5x+20-x^2-4x=10\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-3x-1=10\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-3x=11\)

hay \(x=-\dfrac{11}{3}\)