a)Có \(b^2+c^2-a^2=cosA.2bc\)

\(S=\dfrac{1}{2}bc.sinA\)\(\Rightarrow4S=2bc.sinA\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{4S}=\dfrac{cosA.2bc}{2bc.sinA}=cotA\) (dpcm)

b) CM tương tự câu a \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{4S}=\dfrac{cosB.2ac}{2ac.sinB}=cotB\); \(\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{4S}=\dfrac{cosC.2ab}{2ab.sinC}=cotC\)

Cộng vế với vế \(\Rightarrow cotA+cotB+cotC=\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{4S}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{4S}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{4S}\)\(=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{4S}\) (dpcm)

c) Gọi m_a;m_b;m_c là độ dài các đường trung tuyến kẻ từ đỉnh A;B;C của tam giác ABC 

Có \(GA^2+GB^2+GC^2=\dfrac{4}{9}\left(m_a^2+m_b^2+m_b^2\right)\)\(=\dfrac{4}{9}\left[\dfrac{2\left(b^2+c^2\right)-a^2}{4}+\dfrac{2\left(a^2+c^2\right)-b^2}{4}+\dfrac{2\left(b^2+c^2\right)-a^2}{4}\right]\)

\(=\dfrac{4}{9}.\dfrac{3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{4}=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}\) (đpcm)

d) Có \(a\left(b.cosC-c.cosB\right)=ab.cosC-ac.cosB\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2}-\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2}\)

\(=b^2-c^2\) (dpcm)

a, 3 đường trung tuyến cách nhau tại trọng tâm, khoảng cách từ trọng tâm đến đỉnh bằng \(\dfrac{2}{3}\) độ dài trung tuyến đi qua đỉnh đó

Từ định lí trên ta có \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m_a=\dfrac{2}{3}GA\\m_b=\dfrac{2}{3}GB\\m_c=\dfrac{2}{3}GC\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m_a^2=\dfrac{4}{9}GA^2\\m_b^2=\dfrac{4}{9}GB^2\\m_c^2=\dfrac{4}{9}GB^2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Đặt D = GA² + GB² + GC² 

⇒ D = m_a² + m_b² + m_c² 

⇒ D = \(\dfrac{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)-c^2+2\left(b^2+c^2\right)-a^2+2\left(a^2+c^2\right)-b^2}{4}\)

⇒ D = \(\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}\)

b, cotA = \(\dfrac{cosA}{sinA}=\dfrac{\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}}{\dfrac{a}{2R}}=R.\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{abc}\)

Tương tự ta có

cotB = \(R.\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{abc}\)

cotC = \(R.\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{abc}\)

Vậy cotA + cotB + cotC = \(R.\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{abc}\) (1)

Theo công thức tính diện tích

S = \(\dfrac{abc}{4R}\) ⇒ abc = 4 . S . R

Thế vào (1) ta có

cotA + cotB + cotC = \(R.\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{4.S.R}=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{4S}\)

a, \(\overrightarrow{GA}=-\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow GA^2=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(AB^2+AC^2+2AB.AC.cosA\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(c^2+b^2+2bc.cosA\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{9}\left(c^2+b^2+b^2+c^2-a^2\right)=\dfrac{2b^2+2c^2-a^2}{9}\)

Tương tự \(GB^2=\dfrac{2a^2+2c^2-b^2}{9}\); \(GC^2=\dfrac{2a^2+2b^2-c^2}{9}\)

\(\Rightarrow GA^2+GB^2+GC^2=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}\)

b, \(cotA+cotB+cotC=\dfrac{cosA}{sinA}+\dfrac{cosB}{sinB}+\dfrac{cosC}{sinC}\)

\(=\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bcsinA}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2acsinB}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2absinC}\)

\(=\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bcsinA}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2ac.\dfrac{b}{a}sinA}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab.\dfrac{c}{a}sinA}\)

\(=\dfrac{a}{2sinA}\left(\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{abc}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{abc}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{abc}\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2bcsinA}=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{4.S}\)

Chỉ đúng với điều kiện A, B, C là 3 góc trong tam giác \(\Rightarrow A+B+C=\pi\)

Đặt \(\frac{A}{2}=x\) , \(\frac{B}{2}=y\); \(\frac{C}{2}=z\) \(\Rightarrow x+y+z=\frac{\pi}{2}\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=\frac{\pi}{2}-z\\z=\frac{\pi}{2}-\left(x+y\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(cot\frac{A}{2}+cot\frac{B}{2}+cot\frac{C}{2}=cotx+coty+cotz=\frac{cosx}{sinx}+\frac{cosy}{siny}+\frac{cosz}{sinz}\)

\(=\frac{cosx.siny+cosy.sinx}{sinx.siny}+\frac{cosz}{sinz}=\frac{sin\left(x+y\right)}{sinx.siny}+\frac{cosz}{sinz}\)

\(=\frac{sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-z\right)}{sinx.siny}+\frac{cosz}{sinz}=\frac{cosz}{sinx.siny}+\frac{cosz}{sinz}=cosz\left(\frac{1}{sinx.siny}+\frac{1}{sinz}\right)\)

\(=\frac{cosz}{sinx.siny.sinz}\left(sinz+sinx.siny\right)=\frac{cosz}{sinx.siny.sinz}\left(sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\left(x+y\right)\right)+sinxsiny\right)\)

\(=\frac{cosz}{sinx.siny.sinz}\left(cos\left(x+y\right)+sinx.siny\right)\)

\(=\frac{cosz}{sinx.siny.sinz}\left(cosx.cosy-sinx.siny+sinx.siny\right)\)

\(=\frac{cosx.cosy.cosz}{sinx.siny.sinz}=cotx.coty.cotz=cot\frac{A}{2}.cot\frac{B}{2}.cot\frac{C}{2}\)