\(4=2a^2+\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{4}=\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{a^2}-2\right)+\left(a^2+\dfrac{b^2}{4}+ab\right)-ab+2\)

\(\Rightarrow4=\left(a-\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2+\left(a+\dfrac{b}{2}\right)^2-ab+2\)

\(\Rightarrow ab=\left(a-\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2+\left(a+\dfrac{b}{2}\right)^2-2\ge-2\)

\(M_{min}=-2\) khi \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a-\dfrac{1}{a}=0\\a+\dfrac{b}{2}=0\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left(a;b\right)=\left(1;-2\right);\left(-1;2\right)\)

Ta có: \(\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab=16\Rightarrow a+b\ge4\Rightarrow a+b-4\ge0\)

\(P=\dfrac{1+b+1+a}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+2}{ab+a+b+1}=\dfrac{a+b+2}{a+b+5}\)

\(P=\dfrac{3a+3b+6}{3\left(a+b+5\right)}=\dfrac{2\left(a+b+5\right)+\left(a+b-4\right)}{3\left(a+b+5\right)}\ge\dfrac{2\left(a+b+5\right)}{3\left(a+b+5\right)}=\dfrac{2}{3}\)

\(P_{min}=\dfrac{2}{3}\) khi \(a=b=2\)

\(M=2003\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+4a\right)+2016\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+b\right)-5012a-7518b\)

\(M=2003\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+4a\right)+2016\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+b\right)-2506\left(2a+3b\right)\)

\(M\ge2003.2\sqrt{\dfrac{4a}{a}}+2016.2\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{b}}-2506.4=2020\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(a;b\right)=\left(\dfrac{1}{2};1\right)\)

Hi vọng là tìm GTLN:

Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử b, c cùng phía với 1 \(\Rightarrow\left(b-1\right)\left(c-1\right)\ge0\Leftrightarrow bc\ge b+c-1\).

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức AM - GM ta có: 

\(4=a^2+b^2+c^2+abc\ge a^2+2bc+abc\Leftrightarrow2bc+abc\le4-a^2\Leftrightarrow bc\left(a+2\right)\le\left(2-a\right)\left(a+2\right)\Leftrightarrow bc+a\le2\)

\(\Rightarrow a+b+c\le3\).

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Schwarz ta có:

\(P\le\dfrac{ab}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}\right)+\dfrac{bc}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)+\dfrac{ca}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{2}{a}\right)=\dfrac{1}{9}.3\left(a+b+c\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)\le1\).

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a = b = c = 1.

Ta có: P= \(2a+3b+\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}\) = \(\text{​​}\text{​​}(\dfrac{1}{a}+a)+\left(\dfrac{4}{b}+b\right)+\left(a+2b\right)\)

Ta thấy: \(\text{​​}\text{​​}(\dfrac{1}{a}+a)\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a}\cdot a}=2\)

             \(\text{​​}\text{​​}\left(\dfrac{4}{b}+b\right)\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{4}{b}\cdot b}=4\)

Do đó: P \(\ge2+4+5=11\)

Vậy: P(min)=11  khi:  \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{a}=a\\\dfrac{4}{b}=b\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=1\\b=2\end{matrix}\right..\)

Áp dụng BĐT BSC:

\(P=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}+\dfrac{9}{c}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+2+3\right)^2}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{36}{1}=36\)

\(minP=36\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=\dfrac{1}{6}\\b=\dfrac{1}{3}\\c=\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)