a.

\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2-4x+4y^2=4xy+4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2-4xy+4y^2\right)+\left(x^2-4x+4\right)=8\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2y\right)^2+\left(x-2\right)^2=8\) (1)

Do \(\left(x-2y\right)^2\ge0;\forall x;y\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2\le8\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2=\left\{0;1;4\right\}\)

TH1: \(\left(x-2\right)^2\Rightarrow x=2\) thế vào (1)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2-2y\right)^2=8\Rightarrow\left(1-y\right)^2=2\) (ko tồn tại y nguyên t/m do 2 ko phải SCP)

TH2: \(\left(x-2\right)^2=1\Rightarrow\left(x-2y\right)^2=8-1=7\), mà 7 ko phải SCP nên pt ko có nghiệm nguyên

TH3: \(\left(x-2\right)^2=4\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=4\\x=0\end{matrix}\right.\) thế vào (1):

- Với \(x=0\Rightarrow\left(-2y\right)^2+4=8\Rightarrow y^2=1\Rightarrow y=\pm1\)

- Với \(x=2\Rightarrow\left(2-2y\right)^2+4=8\Rightarrow\left(1-y\right)^2=1\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=0\\y=2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy pt có các cặp nghiệm là: 

\(\left(x;y\right)=\left(0;1\right);\left(0;-1\right);\left(2;0\right);\left(2;2\right)\)

b.

\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2+4y^2+4xy-4x=14\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2+4xy+4y^2\right)+\left(x^2-4x+4\right)=18\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+2y\right)^2+\left(x-2\right)^2=18\) (1)

Lý luận tương tự câu a ta được 

\(\left(x-2\right)^2\le18\Rightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2=\left\{0;1;4;9;16\right\}\)

Với \(\left(x-2\right)^2=\left\{0;1;4;16\right\}\) thì \(18-\left(x-2\right)^2\) ko phải SCP nên ko có giá trị nguyên x;y thỏa mãn

Với \(\left(x-2\right)^2=9\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=5\\x=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) thế vào (1)

- Với \(x=5\Rightarrow\left(5+2y\right)^2+9=18\Rightarrow\left(5+2y\right)^2=9\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}5+2y=3\\5+2y=-3\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=-1\\y=-4\end{matrix}\right.\)

- Với \(x=-1\Rightarrow\left(-1+2y\right)^2=9\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}-1+2y=3\\-1+2y=-3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=2\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(5;-1\right);\left(5;-4\right);\left(-1;3\right);\left(-1;-3\right)\)

Ta có: \(2x^2+xy+2y^2=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x^2+2xy+y^2\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x+y\right)^2\)

Theo BĐT Bunhacopxky: \(\left(x^2+y^2\right)\left(1+1\right)\ge\left(x+y\right)^2\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\left(x^2+y^2\right)\ge\dfrac{3}{4}\left(x+y\right)^2\\ \Rightarrow2x^2+xy+2y^2=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(x^2+y^2\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x+y\right)^2\ge\dfrac{5}{4}\left(x+y\right)^2\\ \Rightarrow\sqrt{2x^2+xy+2y^2}\ge\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\left(x+y\right)\)

Chứng minh tương tự:

\(\sqrt{2y^2+yz+2z^2}\ge\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\left(y+z\right)\\ \sqrt{2z^2+xz+2x^2}\ge\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\left(x+z\right)\)

Cộng vế theo vế, ta được: \(P\ge\sqrt{5}\left(x+y+z\right)=\sqrt{5}\cdot1=\sqrt{5}\)

Dấu "=" \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=\dfrac{1}{3}\) 

Bạn tham khảo nhé

https://hoc24.vn/cau-hoi/cho-cac-so-duong-xyz-thoa-man-xyz1cmrcan2x2xy2y2can2y2yz2z2can2z2zx2x2can5.182722154737

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-1=2y^2\)

Do vế phải chẵn \(\Rightarrow\) vế trái chẵn \(\Leftrightarrow x\) lẻ

\(\Rightarrow x=2k+1\)

Pt trở thành: \(\left(2k+1\right)^2-1=2y^2\Leftrightarrow2\left(k^2+k\right)=y^2\)

Vế trái chẵn \(\Rightarrow\) vế phải chẵn \(\Rightarrow y^2\) chẵn \(\Rightarrow y\) chẵn

\(\Rightarrow y=2\)

\(\Rightarrow x^2-9=0\Rightarrow x=3\)

Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(3;2\right)\)

\(x^2+3x+5=xy+2y\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2+3x-xy-2y+5=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x\left(x+2\right)-y\left(x+2\right)+\left(x+2\right)+3=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x+2\right)\left(x-y+1\right)=-3=\left(-1\right)\cdot3=\left(-3\right)\cdot1\)

\(TH_1:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+2=-3\\x-y+1=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-5\\y=-5\end{matrix}\right.\to\left(-5;-5\right)\\ TH_2:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+2=3\\x-y+1=-1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=3\end{matrix}\right.\to\left(1;3\right)\\ TH_3:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+2=1\\x-y+1=-3\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-1\\y=3\end{matrix}\right.\to\left(-1;3\right)\\ TH_4:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+2=-1\\x-y+1=3\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\y=-5\end{matrix}\right.\to\left(-3;-5\right)\)

Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(-5;-5\right);\left(1;3\right);\left(-1;3\right);\left(-3;-5\right)\)