a) Vẽ vecto \(\overrightarrow {BD}  = \overrightarrow {CB} \). Ta có:

\((\overrightarrow {CB} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = (\overrightarrow {BD} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = \widehat {DBA} = {120^o}\)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow {CB} .\overrightarrow {BA}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {BA} } \right|\cos (\overrightarrow {CB} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = a.a.\cos {120^o} = {a^2}.\left( { - \frac{1}{2}} \right) =  - \frac{{{a^2}}}{2}.\)

b) Vì \(AH \bot BC\) nên \[(\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = {90^o}\], suy ra \(\cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = \cos {90^o} = 0.\)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {AH} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|.\cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = 0.\)

+) \(\left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = \widehat {ABC} = 60^\circ \)

+) Dựng hình bình hành ABCD, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {BC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AD} } \right) = \widehat {BAD} = 120^\circ \)

+), Ta có: ABC là tam giác đều, H là trung điểm BC nên  \(AH \bot BC\)

\(\left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {AD} } \right) = \widehat {HAD} = 90^\circ \)

+) Hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow {BH} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} \)cùng hướng nên \(\left( {\overrightarrow {BH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 0^\circ \)

+) Hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow {HB} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} \)ngược hướng nên \(\left( {\overrightarrow {HB} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 180^\circ \)

Đặt \(AB=a\Rightarrow AC=2a\)

\(\Rightarrow BC=\sqrt{AB^2+AC^2}=a\sqrt{5}\)

Áp dụng hệ thức lượng:

\(AB^2=BH.BC\Rightarrow BH=\dfrac{AB^2}{BC}=\dfrac{a^2}{a\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{a\sqrt{5}}{5}=\dfrac{1}{5}.a\sqrt{5}\)

\(\Rightarrow BH=\dfrac{1}{5}BC\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BH}=\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AH}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BH}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)

\(=\dfrac{4}{5}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m=\dfrac{4}{5}\\k=\dfrac{1}{5}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow S=\dfrac{10.4}{5}+\dfrac{2020.1}{5}=412\)

Dễ thấy: \(\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow {BA}  + \overrightarrow {AC}  =  - \overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {AC} \)

Ta có:

 +) \(\overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BD} \). Mà \(\overrightarrow {BD}  =  - \overrightarrow {DB}  =  - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {AB}  + \left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)( - \overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {AC} ) = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)

+) \(\overrightarrow {DH}  = \overrightarrow {DA}  + \overrightarrow {AH}  =  - \overrightarrow {AD}  + \overrightarrow {AH} \).

Mà \(\overrightarrow {AD}  = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} ;\;\;\overrightarrow {AH}  = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} .\)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {DH}  =  - \left( {\frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) + \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  =  - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)

+) \(\overrightarrow {HE}  = \overrightarrow {HA}  + \overrightarrow {AE}  =  - \overrightarrow {AH}  + \overrightarrow {AE} \)

Mà \(\overrightarrow {AH}  = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} ;\;\overrightarrow {AE}  = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {HE}  =  - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)

b)

Theo câu a, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {DH}  = \overrightarrow {HE}  =  - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB}  + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \) Hai vecto \(\overrightarrow {DH} ,\overrightarrow {HE} \) cùng phương.

\( \Leftrightarrow \)D, E, H thẳng hàng

a) \( AH \bot BC\) và \(BH \bot CA\)

\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = {90^o} \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 0\) . Do đó \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow 0 \)

Tương tự suy ra \(\overrightarrow {BH} .\overrightarrow {CA}  = \overrightarrow 0 \).

b) Gọi H có tọa độ (x; y)

\( \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AH}  = (x - ( - 1);y - 2) = (x + 1;y - 2)\\\overrightarrow {BH}  = (x - 8;y - ( - 1)) = (x - 8;y + 1)\end{array} \right.\)

Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC}  = \overrightarrow 0 \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC}  = (8 - 8;8 - ( - 1)) = (0;9)\)

\((x + 1).0 + (y - 2).9 = 0 \Leftrightarrow 9.(y - 2) = 0 \Leftrightarrow y = 2.\)

Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BH} .\overrightarrow {CA}  = \overrightarrow 0 \) và \(\overrightarrow {CA}  = ( - 1 - 8;2 - 8) = ( - 9; - 6)\)

\(\begin{array}{l}(x - 8).( - 9) + (y + 1).( - 6) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow  - 9x + 72 + 3.( - 6) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow  - 9x + 54 = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow x = 6.\end{array}\)

Vậy H có tọa độ (6; 2)

c) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB}  = (8 - ( - 1); - 1 - 2) = (9; - 3)\)\( \Rightarrow AB = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right| = \sqrt {{9^2} + {{( - 3)}^2}}  = 3\sqrt {10} \)

Và  \(\overrightarrow {BC}  = (0;9) \Rightarrow BC = \left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right| = \sqrt {{0^2} + {9^2}}  = 9\);

\(\overrightarrow {CA}  = ( - 9; - 6)\)\( \Rightarrow AC = \left| {\overrightarrow {CA} } \right| = \sqrt {{{( - 9)}^2} + {{( - 6)}^2}}  = 3\sqrt {13} .\)

Áp dụng định lí cosin cho tam giác ABC, ta có:

\(\cos \widehat A = \frac{{{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}}}{{2bc}} = \frac{{{{\left( {3\sqrt {13} } \right)}^2} + {{\left( {3\sqrt {10} } \right)}^2} - {{\left( 9 \right)}^2}}}{{2.3\sqrt {13} .3\sqrt {10} }} \approx 0,614\)\( \Rightarrow \widehat A \approx 52,{125^o}\)

\(\cos \widehat B = \frac{{{a^2} + {c^2} - {b^2}}}{{2ac}} = \frac{{{{\left( 9 \right)}^2} + {{\left( {3\sqrt {10} } \right)}^2} - {{\left( {3\sqrt {13} } \right)}^2}}}{{2.9.3\sqrt {10} }} = \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\)\( \Rightarrow \widehat B \approx 71,{565^o}\)

\( \Rightarrow \widehat C \approx 56,{31^o}\)

Vậy tam giác ABC có: \(a = 9;b = 3\sqrt {13} ;c = 3\sqrt {10} \); \(\widehat A \approx 52,{125^o};\widehat B \approx 71,{565^o};\widehat C \approx 56,{31^o}.\)

a)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BC}  + \overrightarrow {CD}  + \overrightarrow {DA}  = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB}  + \overrightarrow {BC} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {CD}  + \overrightarrow {DA} } \right)\\ = \overrightarrow {AC}  + \overrightarrow {CA}  = \overrightarrow {AA}  = \overrightarrow 0 .\end{array}\)

b)

\(\overrightarrow {AC}  - \overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {DC} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC}  - \overrightarrow {BD}  = \overrightarrow {DC} \)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC}  - \overrightarrow {AD}  = \overrightarrow {BC}  - \overrightarrow {BD} \)

a, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)^2=\overrightarrow{BC}^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow AC^2+AB^2-2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=BC^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{AB^2+AC^2-BC^2}{2}=\dfrac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\)

b, \(2\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=CA^2+CB^2-BC^2=CA^2\)

\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\dfrac{CA^2}{2}=\dfrac{8^2}{2}=32\)

Lời giải:

a) 

\(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{BC}\)

\(\Rightarrow (\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB})^2=\overrightarrow{BC}^2\Leftrightarrow AB^2+AC^2-2\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}=BC^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\) (đpcm)

Ta có:

\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\frac{AB^2+AC^2-BC^2}{2}=\frac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\)

\(\cos \angle A=\frac{\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}}{|\overrightarrow{AB}|.|\overrightarrow{AC}|}=\frac{20}{5.8}=\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow \angle A=60^0\)

b) 

Tương tự phần a, \(\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\frac{CA^2+CB^2-AB^2}{2}=\frac{8^2+7^2-5^2}{2}=44\)

Lời giải:

Áp dụng các công thức sau: \(|\overrightarrow {a}|^2=\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{a}\)

\(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) nếu \(\overrightarrow{a}\perp \overrightarrow{b}\)

Ta có:

\(BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+AC^2.\overrightarrow{IB}+AB^2.\overrightarrow{IC}\)

\(=BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+AC^2.(\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{AB})+AB^2.(\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{AC})\)

\(=BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{IA}(AC^2+AB^2)+AC^2.\overrightarrow{AB}+AB^2.\overrightarrow{AC}\)

\(=2BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+AC^2.\overrightarrow{AB}+AB^2.\overrightarrow{AC}\)

\(=\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{HA}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}\)

\(=\overrightarrow {BC}.\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{0}=\overrightarrow {0}\)