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The gas giant Jupiter, the next planet beyond Mars in the solar system, is inhospitable to life in any currently imaginable form. But its icy moons – especially Europa – have potential. A number of missions have flown past Jupiter and its moons on route to other places, but Nasa’s Galileo mission was the first designed to specifically orbit the planet and study its moons. It collected images and data in the Jovian system from 1995 to 2003, passing Europa 12 times.

Jupiter’s moon Europa is one of the most likely places to harbour life outside Earth, with its liquid oceans and gravitational energy sources

Pictures and data collected by this spacecraft suggest that Europa has a layered structure like Earth: an iron-rich core, a rocky mantle and a crust of ice. Magnetic field measurements found an electric current inside, consistent with a salty liquid ocean beneath the thick crust of ice around the whole planet. Photographs showing huge cracks in the ice, taken by the same mission, support this idea.

Europa’s surface resembles Earth’s sea ice in Antarctica, explains François Poulet from the Institute of Space Astrophysics at the Université Paris-Sud in France: ‘It indicates that the ice is geologically pretty young and it could be proof of its interaction with a reservoir of liquid water.’ In December 2012, the Hubble Space Telescope also detected water vapour above Europa’s South Pole and it was proposed this came from erupting water plumes. Spacecraft have not yet seen these plumes, however, so if they do exist they must be intermittent.

So, Europa probably has water. But what about the other two necessary components to be habitable? It has a source of heat energy coming from the friction of being pulled towards Jupiter’s gravitational field by different amounts during different stages of its elliptical orbit. There is also plenty of radiation around Jupiter to potentially start chemical reactions (strong enough to also very quickly destroy any organic compound formed). But whether it has the correct raw chemical ingredients isn’t yet known; modelling suggests that it might, but more hard data is needed.

In 2022, both the European Space Agency (ESA) and Nasa plan to launch spacecraft that will get up close and personal with Europa. ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) will take over seven years to reach the Jovian system. ‘We will arrive at the end of 2029 and start operation during 2030,’ says Poulet, a member of the team developing the visible and infrared spectrometer onboard called Majis (Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer). The main target of the Juice mission is Ganymede, another of Jupiter’s moons, but Europa will receive two flybys. Majis will characterise the surface composition of this moon and – together with the UV spectrometer onboard – determine the composition of Europa’s very thin atmosphere. Other cameras and spectrometers will also help build understanding of this icy world’s interior and crust.

For Nasa’s Europa Clipper mission, Europa is the star of the show. While the seemingly obvious mission would be to orbit Europa for a few years, any spacecraft doing this would be exposed to life-shortening radiation from Jupiter. Instead, Europa clipper will orbit Jupiter, dipping in and out of its radiation belt. It will carry out at least 45 close flybys of Europa over three and a half years. A mixture of cameras and spectrometers will examine the moon and its tenuous atmosphere. If the water plumes above the South Pole do exist, it will also be able to fly through these and therefore directly measure the chemical composition of the moon’s ocean. If the Europa Clipper launches in 2022, there are two possible arrival times for it: 2025, if Nasa’s new Space Launch System (SLS) that is currently in development is used, or January 2030, if a traditional rocket is used.

sorry mk ko có

này bn tự làm theo ý bạn vẫn hay , bn có thể tự làm tiếng việt r vô gg dịch=))

#Tham khảo!

Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is relic and rich diversity of the city's leading Hanoi, located in the south of Thang Long. Currently, it was the Prime Minister Vietnam put on the list ranked 23 national monuments in particular. Architectural ensemble Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam, including: Lake Van, the Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam and garden director and architectural subjects are Literature - a shrine to Confucius and the Temple of Literature - the first university Vietnam. Temple of Literature - Quoc Tu Giam mallet brick walls surrounding, inner space divided into five classes with different architectures. Each class that space is limited by the brick wall with three gates to communicate with each other (including the door between the two parties and two side doors). From outside to inside with the ports respectively: port of Literature, University of China, Dai Thanh and ergonomics. With over 700 years of operation has trained thousands of talents for the country. Now, the Temple of Literature where sights of domestic and foreign tourists as well as where the compliments for excellent student and also a place to organize the annual poetry on the fifteenth day of January. In particular, there is the element of today's officers to "good luck" before each exam

well, I am a very foody person and there are a lot of food I . It is quite difficult to think of one. I would  to talk about a popular menu in my country which is one of my favourite food also. It is steamed/plain rice and shahi paneer. I belong to Punjabi family so that I love spicy and shahi foods.

I will talk about how I cook my shahi paneer at home. A small amount of oil is placed in a heated pan. Then, I put some finely chopped garlic until it turns golden brown. Add onions.when it turns golden brown then I blend it with help of a blender. a mixture of this I put some chopped tomatoes and heat it again.after that I add some cashews and fresh cream which provide creamy and rich gravy of our shahi paneer.apart from that then add paneer cubes, all spices and cook it till 20 minutes.  Then it is done and ready to be served. You may also add some curd in place of fresh cream.
I it because it is easy to prepare and it is very delicious. gravy of this also feel me rich and when I taste it just melted our mouth.
This recipe is common in my country and I eat it about a twice week. I it because it does not require much effort to prepare and it is also not expensive.

Do you feel okay? Good luck to you. 

Hope you get good grades.

Cause:

The Viruses:

One reason why there is no cure for the common cold is that more than 200 different viruses can cause cold symptoms.

Some, such as rhinoviruses, seldom produce serious illnesses.

Others, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), produce mild infections in adults but can lead to severe lower respiratory tract infections in young children.

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Rhinoviruses (from the Greek rhin, meaning “nose”) cause an estimated 30 to 50 percent of all colds. Scientists have identified more than 100 distinct rhinovirus types. Rhinoviruses grow best at temperatures of about 9IT, (the temperature inside the human nose). Scientists think coronaviruses cause about 10 to 15 percent of all adult colds. They bring on colds primarily in the winter and early spring. Although many coronaviruses infect animals, only five infect humans, causing respiratory tract illness.

Adult cold symptoms also are caused by viruses that are responsible for other, more severe illnesses. These viruses are: adenoviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses. orthomyxoviruses (including influenza A and B viruses, which cause flu), paramyxoviruses (including several parainfluenza viruses), RSV, and enteroviruses. Researchers still haven’t identified the causes of 20 to 30 percent of adult colds, presumed to be viral.

The cold season:

Seasonal changes in relative humidity also may affect the occurrence of colds. The most common cold-causing viruses survive better when humidity is low Cold weather also may make the inside lining of your nose drier and more vulnerable to viral infection.

Other factors:

Although a connection exists between the number of cases of the common cold and the fall and winter seasons, there is no experimental evidence that exposure to cold temperatures increases the chances of getting a cold. On the other hand, several research studies show that people who exercise regularly have a significantly reduced number of respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold, compared with those who don’t exercise. Research also suggests that allergic diseases that affect the nose or throat and psychological stress may increase your chances of getting infected by cold viruses.

Common Cold:

Symptoms:

Symptoms of the common cold usually begin 2 to 3 days after infection and often include:

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1. Sore throat

2. Mucus buildup in the nose

3. Difficulty breathing through nose

4. Swelling of sinuses

5. Sneezing

6. Cough

7. Headache

8. Tiredness

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Although fever is uncommon in adults, it is often found in children with colds and can climb to 102°F in infants and young children. Cold symptoms can last front 2 to 14 days. High fever, significantly swollen glands, severe sinus pain, and a cough that produces mucus may be signs of complication or more serious illness.

Treatment:

There is no cure for the common cold, but you can get relief from your cold symptoms by

1. Resting in bed

2. Drinking plenty of fluids

3. Gargling with warm salt water or using throat sprays, or lozenges for a scratchy or sort’ throat

4. Using a decongestant or saline nasal spray to help relieve nasal symptoms

5. Using petroleum jelly to soothe a raw nose

6. Taking aspirin or acetaminophen—Tylenol, for example—for headache or fever Colds occasionally can lead to bacterial infections of your middle ear or sinuses, requiring treatment with antibios. However, antibios should not be used to treat a cold.

Prevention:

There are several ways you can keep yourself away from getting a cold of infecting others:

1. Because cold viruses can easily enter into your eyes and nose through hands, wash hands often and keep the hands away from those areas of your body.

2. 11 possible, avoid being close to people who have colds or If you have a cold, avoid being close to people.

3. When you sneeze or cough, cover your nose of mouth arid sneeze or cough into your elbow rather than your hand.

Hand washing:

Hand washing with soap and water is the simplest and one of the most effective ways to keep from getting colds or giving them to others.

Disinfecting:

Rhinoviruses can live up to 3 hours on your skin or on objects. Cleaning these environmental surfaces in your home or place of work with a virus-killing disinfectant might help prevent the spread of infection.

Vaccine:

Because so many different viruses can cause the common cold, the outlook for developing a vaccine that will prevent spreading of all of them is quite a challenge.

Alternative Medicines:

Echinacea:

Echinacea is a dietary herbal supplement that some people use to treat their colds.

Vitamin C:

Many people are convinced that taking large quantities of vitamin C will prevent colds or relieve symptoms.

Honey:

Some people use honey to treat coughs and to soothe a sore throat.

Zinc:

Zinc lozenges and lollipops are available over the counter as a remedy for the common cold. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration warned consumers to stop using intranasal (in the nose) zinc products because some people reported a loss of smell after using these products.

Chào bạn nha , ồ vậy à nghiêm trọng nhỉ 

chị kb vs em ik em chỉ phương pháp học của em cho chị nha :))

http://dethikiemtra.com/khao-sat-chat-luong-dau-nam-lop-6 đây là link bạn nha :)k mình

Sách mới chương trình mới nên ko có đâu e :"))

Nếu e muốn đạt điểm cao ngày mai thì chịu khó ôn ND lý thuyết, nếu có công thức thì luyện tập thực hành vài bài nhá

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