a) P = 1 + 3 + 3² + ... + 3¹⁰¹

= (1 + 3 + 3²) + (3³ + 3⁴ + 3⁵) + ... + (3⁹⁹ + 3¹⁰⁰ + 3¹⁰¹)

= 13 + 3³.(1 + 3 + 3²) + ... + 3⁹⁹.(1 + 3 + 3²)

= 13 + 3³.13 + ... + 3⁹⁹.13

= 13.(1 + 3³ + ... + 3⁹⁹) ⋮ 13

Vậy P ⋮ 13

b) B = 1 + 2² + 2⁴ + ... + 2²⁰²⁰

= (1 + 2² + 2⁴) + (2⁶ + 2⁸ + 2¹⁰) + ... + (2²⁰¹⁶ + 2²⁰¹⁸ + 2²⁰²⁰)

= 21 + 2⁶.(1 + 2² + 2⁴) + ... + 2²⁰¹⁶.(1 + 2² + 2⁴)

= 21 + 2⁶.21 + ... + 2²⁰¹⁶.21

= 21.(1 + 2⁶ + ... + 2²⁰¹⁶) ⋮ 21

Vậy B ⋮ 21

c) A = 2 + 2² + 2³ + ... + 2²⁰

= (2 + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴) + (2⁵ + 2⁶ + 2⁷ + 2⁸) + ... + (2¹⁷ + 2¹⁸ + 2¹⁹ + 2²⁰)

= 30 + 2⁴.(2 + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴) + ... + 2¹⁶.(2 + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴)

= 30 + 2⁴.30 + ... + 2¹⁶.30

= 30.(1 + 2⁴ + ... + 2¹⁶)

= 5.6.(1 + 2⁴ + ... + 2¹⁶) ⋮ 5

Vậy A ⋮ 5

d) A = 1 + 4 + 4² + ... + 4⁹⁸

= (1 + 4 + 4²) + (4³ + 4⁴ + 4⁵) + ... + (4⁹⁷ + 4⁹⁸ + 4⁹⁹)

= 21 + 4³.(1 + 4 + 4²) + ... + 4⁹⁷.(1 + 4 + 4²)

= 21 + 4³.21 + ... + 4⁹⁷.21

= 21.(1 + 4³ + ... + 4⁹⁷) ⋮ 21

Vậy A ⋮ 21

e) A = 11⁹ + 11⁸ + 11⁷ + ... + 11 + 1

= (11⁹ + 11⁸ + 11⁷ + 11⁶ + 11⁵) + (11⁴ + 11³ + 11² + 11 + 1)

= 11⁵.(11⁴ + 11³ + 11² + 11 + 1) + 16105

= 11⁵.16105 + 16105

= 16105.(11⁵ + 1)

= 5.3221.(11⁵ + 1) ⋮ 5

Vậy A ⋮ 5

(14,78-a)/(2,87+a)=4/1

14,78+2,87=17,65

Tổng số phần bằng nhau là 4+1=5

Mỗi phần có giá trị bằng 17,65/5=3,53

=>2,87+a=3,53

=>a=0,66.

a) A= 5⁴ . 3⁴- (15²-1).(15²+1)

      =(5.3)⁴-15⁴-1

      =15⁴-15⁴-1

      =-1

a) A= 5⁴.3⁴ -(15²-1).(15²+1)

      =(5.3)⁴ - (15⁴-1)

      = 15⁴ - 15⁴ +1

      =   1

a) \(A=1+2+2^2+...+2^{80}\)

\(2A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{81}\)

\(2A-A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{81}-1-2-2^2-...-2^{80}\)

\(A=2^{81}-1\)

Nên A + 1 là:

\(A+1=2^{81}-1+1=2^{81}\)

b) \(B=1+3+3^2+...+3^{99}\)

\(3B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{100}\)

\(3B-B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{100}-1-3-3^2-...-3^{99}\)

\(2B=3^{100}-1\)

Nên 2B + 1 là:

\(2B+1=3^{100}-1+1=3^{100}\)

2) 

a) \(2^x\cdot\left(1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\right)+1=2^{2016}\)

Gọi:

\(A=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

\(2A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(A=2^{2016}-1\)

Ta có:

\(2^x\cdot\left(2^{2016}-1\right)+1=2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x\cdot\left(2^{2016}-1\right)=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x=\dfrac{2^{2016}-1}{2^{2016}-1}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x=2^0\)

\(\Rightarrow x=0\)

b) \(8^x-1=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

Gọi: \(B=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

\(2B=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(B=2^{2016}-1\)

Ta có:

\(8^x-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2^3\right)^x-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^{3x}-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^{3x}=2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow3x=2016\)

\(\Rightarrow x=\dfrac{2016}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow x=672\)

a)Đặt \(A=\dfrac{1}{12}+\dfrac{1}{20}+\dfrac{1}{30}+\dfrac{1}{42}+\dfrac{1}{56}+\dfrac{1}{72}+\dfrac{1}{90}+\dfrac{1}{110}+\dfrac{1}{132}\)

\(A=\dfrac{1}{3\cdot4}+\dfrac{1}{4\cdot5}+\dfrac{1}{5\cdot6}+\dfrac{1}{6\cdot7}+\dfrac{1}{7\cdot8}+\dfrac{1}{8\cdot9}+\dfrac{1}{9\cdot10}+\dfrac{1}{10\cdot11}+\dfrac{1}{11\cdot12}\)

\(A=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{6}-\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{7}-\dfrac{1}{8}+\dfrac{1}{8}-\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{10}+\dfrac{1}{10}-\dfrac{1}{11}+\dfrac{1}{11}-\dfrac{1}{12}\)

\(A=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{12}\)

\(A=\dfrac{1}{4}\)

b)Đặt \(B=\dfrac{1}{501}+\dfrac{1}{502}+...+\dfrac{1}{1000}\)(có 500 số hạng)

\(B< \dfrac{1}{500}+\dfrac{1}{500}+...+\dfrac{1}{500}\)(có 500 số hạng)

\(B< 500\cdot\dfrac{1}{500}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow B< 1\left(đpcm\right)\)

\(A=1-\frac{499}{500}+1-\frac{500}{501}+1-\frac{501}{502}+...+1-\frac{598}{599}\)

    \(=\left(1+1+1+...+1\right)-\left(\frac{499}{500}+\frac{500}{501}+\frac{501}{502}+...+\frac{598}{599}\right)\)

     \(=...\)

 ->  M = (100 – 1).(100 – 2^2). (100 – 3^2)…(100 – 50^2)

M = (100 – 1).(100 – 2^2). (100 – 3^2)… (100 – 9^2) .(100 – 10^2) .(100 – 11^2) …(100 – 50^2)

M = (100 – 1).(100 – 2^2). (100 – 3^2)… (100 – 9^2). (100 – 100) .(100 – 11^2) …(100 – 50^2)

M = (100 – 1).(100 – 2^2). (100 – 3^2)… (100 – 9^2) .0.(100 – 11^2) …(100 – 50^2)

M = 0

Vậy M = 0.

Ta thấy \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}\)

 \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3}\)

......

\(\dfrac{1}{10^2}< \dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

hay \(D=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+....+\dfrac{1}{10^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

\(D< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+....+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{10}\)

\(D< 1-\dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{9}{10}< 1\) ( đpcm )

Ta có \(\dfrac{1}{2.2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}\)

         \(\dfrac{1}{3.3}\)<\(\dfrac{1}{2.3}\)

         \(\dfrac{1}{4.4}\)<\(\dfrac{1}{3.4}\)

  .........................

         \(\dfrac{1}{10.10}\)<\(\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

=>\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{10.10}\)\(< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

=> D <  1 - \(\dfrac{1}{10}\)

=>D < \(\dfrac{9}{10}\)

=> D < \(\dfrac{10}{10}\)

 Vậy D < 1

* Ta có : 1/21 >1/30 ;1/22 >1/30 ;...;1/29 >1/30 

=> 1/21 +1/22 +...+1/29 +1/30 >1/30 +1/30 +...+1/30 =10/30 =1/3    (1)

1/31 >1/40 ;1/32 >1/40 ;...;1/39 >1/40 

=> 1/31 +1/32 +...+1/39 +1/30 >1/40 +1/40 +...+1/40 =10/40 =1/4    (2)

Từ (1) và (2) 

=> 1/21 +1/22 +...+1/30 +1/31 +1/32 +...+1/40 >1/3 +1/4 

=> 1/21 +1/22 +1/23 +...+1/40 >7/12   (*)

* Ta có : 1/21 <1/20 ;1/22 <1/20 ;...;1/30 <1/20 

=> 1/21 +1/22 +...+1/29 +1/30 <1/20 +1/20 +...+1/20 =10/20 =1/2   (3)

1/31 <1/30 ;1/32 <1/30 ;...;1/40 <1/30 

=> 1/31 +1/32 +...+1/39 +1/40 <1/30 +1/30 +...+1/30 =10/30 =1/3   (4)

Từ (3) và (4) 

=> 1/21 +1/22 +...+1/30 +1/31 +1/32 +...+1/40 <1/2 +1/3 

=> 1/21 +1/22 +1/23+...+1/40 <5/6     (**)

Từ (*) và (**) ta có : 7/12 <1/21 +1/22 +1/23 +...+1/40 <5/6   (đpcm)

Bài hơi dài , thông cảm

Ta có : \(\frac{1}{21}>\frac{1}{30};\frac{1}{22}>\frac{1}{30};\frac{1}{23}>\frac{1}{30};...;\frac{1}{29}>\frac{1}{30}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{1}{21}+\frac{1}{22}+\frac{1}{23}+...+\frac{1}{29}>\frac{1}{30}+\frac{1}{30}+\frac{1}{30}+...+\frac{1}{30}\)

\(>\frac{10}{30}=\frac{1}{3}(1)\)

Ta có  : \(\frac{1}{31}>\frac{1}{40},\frac{1}{32}>\frac{1}{40},...,\frac{1}{39}>\frac{1}{40}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{1}{31}+\frac{1}{32}+\frac{1}{33}+...+\frac{1}{39}>\frac{1}{40}+\frac{1}{40}+\frac{1}{40}+...+\frac{1}{40}\)

\(>\frac{10}{40}=\frac{1}{4}(2)\)

Từ 1 và 2 \(\Rightarrow A>\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}\Rightarrow A>\frac{7}{12}\)

Ta có : \(\frac{1}{21}< \frac{1}{20};\frac{1}{22}< \frac{1}{20};...;\frac{1}{30}< \frac{1}{20}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{1}{21}+\frac{1}{22}+\frac{1}{23}+...+\frac{1}{30}< \frac{1}{20}+\frac{1}{20}+...+\frac{1}{20}\)

\(< \frac{10}{20}=\frac{1}{2}(3)\)

Ta lại có : ....

Làm tiếp đi :v

Thôi,làm nốt :v

Ta lại có : \(\frac{1}{31}< \frac{1}{30};\frac{1}{32}< \frac{1}{30};\frac{1}{33}< \frac{1}{30};...;\frac{1}{40}< \frac{1}{30}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{1}{31}+\frac{1}{32}+...+\frac{1}{40}< \frac{1}{30}+\frac{1}{30}+...+\frac{1}{30}\)

\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{10}{30}=\frac{1}{3}(4)\)

Từ 3 và 4 \(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}=\frac{3}{6}+\frac{2}{6}=\frac{5}{6}\)

\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{5}{6}\)

Như vậy : \(\frac{7}{12}< A< \frac{5}{6}(đpcm)\)