\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=a^2+b^2+c^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=0\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ac=0\Leftrightarrow bc=-ab-ac\)

\(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+bc-ac-ab}=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}\)

CMTT: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+2ca}=\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}\\\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+2ab}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(c-a\right)\left(c-b\right)}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\dfrac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=1\)

Lời giải:

Ta thấy:
$(ab+cd)(ac+bd)=ad(c^2+b^2)+bc(a^2+d^2)$

$=(ad+bc)t$

Mà: 

$2(t-ab-cd)=(a-b)^2+(c-d)^2>0$ nên $t> ab+cd$

Tương tự: $t> ac+bd$

Kết hợp $(ab+cd)(ac+bd)=(ad+bc)t$ nên:

$ab+cd> ad+bc, ac+bd> ad+bc$

Nếu $ab+cd, ac+bd$ đều thuộc $P$. Do $ad+bc$ là ước của $ab+cd$ hoặc $ac+bd$. Điều này vô lý 

Do đó ta có đpcm.

Trước hết, với \(a+b+c=1\) ta có:

\(a^2+b^2+c^2=\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\left(a+b+c\right)\)

\(=\left(a^3+ab^2\right)+\left(b^3+bc^2\right)+\left(c^3+ca^2\right)+a^2b+b^2c+c^2a\)

\(\ge2a^2b+2b^2c+2c^2a+a^2b+b^2c+c^2a\)

Hay \(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge3\left(a^2b+b^2c+c^2a\right)\)

Từ đó:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}=\dfrac{a^4}{a^2b}+\dfrac{b^4}{b^2c}+\dfrac{c^4}{c^2a}\ge\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2}{a^2b+b^2c+c^2a}\)

\(\ge\dfrac{3\left(a^2b+b^2c+c^2a\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{a^2b+b^2c+c^2a}=3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\) (đpcm)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)

\(P=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-c\right)\left(b-a\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{\left(c-b\right)\left(c-a\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}+\dfrac{-b^2}{\left(b-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2b-a^2c-ab^2+b^2c+c^2a-bc^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)\(=\dfrac{ab\left(a-b\right)-c\left(a^2-b^2\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(ab-c\left(a+b\right)+c^2\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left[a\left(b-c\right)-c\left(b-c\right)\right]}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)

\(=1\)

\(\)Ta có: \(a+b+c=0 \Rightarrow b+c=-a \Rightarrow (b+c)^2=(-a)^2 \Leftrightarrow b^2+c^2+2bc=a^2 \Leftrightarrow a^2-b^2-c^2=2bc\)

Tương tự: \(b^2-c^2-a^2=2ca;c^2-a^2-b^2=2ab\)

\(P=...=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{2bc}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}=\dfrac{3abc}{2abc}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)

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Bổ đề \(a+b+c=0 \Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3\)

Ở đây ta c/m chiều thuận:
Với \(a+b+c=0 \Leftrightarrow a+b=-c \Rightarrow (a+b)^3=(-c)^3 \Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+3ab(a+b)=-c^3 \Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc(QED)\)

Ta có: a + b + c = 0

\(\Rightarrow\) (a + b + c)² = 0

\(\Leftrightarrow\) a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac = 0

\(\Leftrightarrow\) 2009 + 2(ab + bc + ac) = 0

\(\Leftrightarrow\) ab + bc + ac = \(\dfrac{-2009}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\) (ab + bc + ac)² = \(\left(\dfrac{-2009}{2}\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\) a²b² + b²c² + a²c² + 2abc(a + b + c) = \(\left(\dfrac{-2009}{2}\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\) a²b² + b²c² + c²a² = \(\left(\dfrac{-2009}{2}\right)^2\)    (Vì a + b + c = 0)

Lại có: a² + b² + c² = 2009

\(\Rightarrow\) (a² + b² + c²)² = 2009²

\(\Leftrightarrow\) a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ + 2(a²b² + b²c² + c²a²) = 2009²

\(\Leftrightarrow\) a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ + 2.\(\dfrac{2009^2}{4}\) = 2009²

\(\Leftrightarrow\) a⁴ + b⁴ + c⁴ = 2009² - \(\dfrac{2009^2}{2}\) = 2018040,5

Chúc bn học tốt!