a)Xét \(2A=2+2^2+....+2^{2015}\)

nên \(2A-A=2^{2015}-1\)

=>\(A=2^{2015}-1\)

b)Ta có :\(2^5=32\equiv-1\left(mod31\right)\)

=>\(2^{2015}\equiv-1\left(mod31\right)\)

=>\(2^{2015}-1\equiv-2\left(mod31\right)\)(kiểm tra lại đề bài đi bạn)

Ta thấy A > 0 (1)

Vì \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};...;\dfrac{1}{2016^2}< \dfrac{1}{2015.2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2015.2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow A>1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2015}-\dfrac{1}{2016}=1-\dfrac{1}{2016}=\dfrac{2015}{2016}< 1\)(2)

Từ (1)(2) => 0 < A < 1

Vậy A không phải là số tự nhiên

Giải:

Ta có: \(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2016^2}>0_{\left(1\right)}.\) (do A là phân số dương).

Ta lại có:

\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2016^2}.\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2016.2016}.\)

\(< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2015.2016}.\)

\(< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2015}-\dfrac{1}{2016}.\)

\(< 1+\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{1}{2015}-\dfrac{1}{2015}\right)-\dfrac{1}{2016}.\)\(< 1+0+0+0+...+0-\dfrac{1}{2016}.\)

\(< 1-\dfrac{1}{2016}.\)

\(< \dfrac{2015}{2016}.\)

\(\Rightarrow A< 1_{\left(2\right)}.\) (do \(\dfrac{2015}{2016}< 1\)).

Từ \(_{\left(1\right)}\) và \(_{\left(2\right)}\) \(\Rightarrow0< A< 1.\)

\(\Rightarrow A\) không phải là số tự nhiên.

Vậy ta thu được \(đpcm.\)

~ Học tốt!!! ~

\(D=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+.......+\dfrac{1}{10^2}\)

\(D< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+.......+\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

\(D< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+.....+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{10}\)

\(D< 1-\dfrac{1}{10}\Leftrightarrow D< 1\left(đpcm\right)\)

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