a) P = 1 + 3 + 3² + ... + 3¹⁰¹

= (1 + 3 + 3²) + (3³ + 3⁴ + 3⁵) + ... + (3⁹⁹ + 3¹⁰⁰ + 3¹⁰¹)

= 13 + 3³.(1 + 3 + 3²) + ... + 3⁹⁹.(1 + 3 + 3²)

= 13 + 3³.13 + ... + 3⁹⁹.13

= 13.(1 + 3³ + ... + 3⁹⁹) ⋮ 13

Vậy P ⋮ 13

b) B = 1 + 2² + 2⁴ + ... + 2²⁰²⁰

= (1 + 2² + 2⁴) + (2⁶ + 2⁸ + 2¹⁰) + ... + (2²⁰¹⁶ + 2²⁰¹⁸ + 2²⁰²⁰)

= 21 + 2⁶.(1 + 2² + 2⁴) + ... + 2²⁰¹⁶.(1 + 2² + 2⁴)

= 21 + 2⁶.21 + ... + 2²⁰¹⁶.21

= 21.(1 + 2⁶ + ... + 2²⁰¹⁶) ⋮ 21

Vậy B ⋮ 21

c) A = 2 + 2² + 2³ + ... + 2²⁰

= (2 + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴) + (2⁵ + 2⁶ + 2⁷ + 2⁸) + ... + (2¹⁷ + 2¹⁸ + 2¹⁹ + 2²⁰)

= 30 + 2⁴.(2 + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴) + ... + 2¹⁶.(2 + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴)

= 30 + 2⁴.30 + ... + 2¹⁶.30

= 30.(1 + 2⁴ + ... + 2¹⁶)

= 5.6.(1 + 2⁴ + ... + 2¹⁶) ⋮ 5

Vậy A ⋮ 5

d) A = 1 + 4 + 4² + ... + 4⁹⁸

= (1 + 4 + 4²) + (4³ + 4⁴ + 4⁵) + ... + (4⁹⁷ + 4⁹⁸ + 4⁹⁹)

= 21 + 4³.(1 + 4 + 4²) + ... + 4⁹⁷.(1 + 4 + 4²)

= 21 + 4³.21 + ... + 4⁹⁷.21

= 21.(1 + 4³ + ... + 4⁹⁷) ⋮ 21

Vậy A ⋮ 21

e) A = 11⁹ + 11⁸ + 11⁷ + ... + 11 + 1

= (11⁹ + 11⁸ + 11⁷ + 11⁶ + 11⁵) + (11⁴ + 11³ + 11² + 11 + 1)

= 11⁵.(11⁴ + 11³ + 11² + 11 + 1) + 16105

= 11⁵.16105 + 16105

= 16105.(11⁵ + 1)

= 5.3221.(11⁵ + 1) ⋮ 5

Vậy A ⋮ 5

\(A=\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+\dfrac{1}{3^4}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{A}{3}=\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+\dfrac{1}{3^4}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)

\(\Rightarrow A-\dfrac{A}{3}=\dfrac{2A}{3}=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+\dfrac{1}{3^4}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2A}{3}=\left(\dfrac{1}{3^2}-\dfrac{1}{3^2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{3^3}-\dfrac{1}{3^3}\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}-\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)

\(\Rightarrow2A=3\cdot\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\text{A}=\dfrac{1-\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2.3^{99}}< \dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(a,\Rightarrow2^{x-1}=24-\left(16-3\right)-3\\ \Rightarrow2^{x-1}=24-13-3\\ \Rightarrow2^{x-1}=8=2^3\\ \Rightarrow x-1=3\Rightarrow x=4\\ b,\Rightarrow\left(19x+50\right):14=25-16=9\\ \Rightarrow19x+50=126\\ \Rightarrow x=4\)

a) \(A=1+2+2^2+...+2^{80}\)

\(2A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{81}\)

\(2A-A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{81}-1-2-2^2-...-2^{80}\)

\(A=2^{81}-1\)

Nên A + 1 là:

\(A+1=2^{81}-1+1=2^{81}\)

b) \(B=1+3+3^2+...+3^{99}\)

\(3B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{100}\)

\(3B-B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{100}-1-3-3^2-...-3^{99}\)

\(2B=3^{100}-1\)

Nên 2B + 1 là:

\(2B+1=3^{100}-1+1=3^{100}\)

2) 

a) \(2^x\cdot\left(1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\right)+1=2^{2016}\)

Gọi:

\(A=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

\(2A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(A=2^{2016}-1\)

Ta có:

\(2^x\cdot\left(2^{2016}-1\right)+1=2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x\cdot\left(2^{2016}-1\right)=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x=\dfrac{2^{2016}-1}{2^{2016}-1}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x=2^0\)

\(\Rightarrow x=0\)

b) \(8^x-1=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

Gọi: \(B=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

\(2B=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(B=2^{2016}-1\)

Ta có:

\(8^x-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2^3\right)^x-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^{3x}-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^{3x}=2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow3x=2016\)

\(\Rightarrow x=\dfrac{2016}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow x=672\)

Ta thấy \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}\)

 \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3}\)

......

\(\dfrac{1}{10^2}< \dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

hay \(D=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+....+\dfrac{1}{10^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

\(D< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+....+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{10}\)

\(D< 1-\dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{9}{10}< 1\) ( đpcm )

Ta có \(\dfrac{1}{2.2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}\)

         \(\dfrac{1}{3.3}\)<\(\dfrac{1}{2.3}\)

         \(\dfrac{1}{4.4}\)<\(\dfrac{1}{3.4}\)

  .........................

         \(\dfrac{1}{10.10}\)<\(\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

=>\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{10.10}\)\(< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)

=> D <  1 - \(\dfrac{1}{10}\)

=>D < \(\dfrac{9}{10}\)

=> D < \(\dfrac{10}{10}\)

 Vậy D < 1

Giải:

a) Ta có:

1/2²=1/2.2 < 1/1.2

1/3²=1/3.3 < 1/2.3

1/4²=1/4.4 < 1/3.4

1/5²=1/5.5 < 1/4.5

1/6²=1/6.6 < 1/5.6

1/7²=1/7.7 < 1/6.7

1/8²=1/8.8 <1/7.8

⇒B<1/1.2+1/2.3+1/3.4+1/4.5+1/5.6+1/6.7+1/7.8

   B<1/1-1/2+1/2-1/3+1/3-1/4+1/4-1/5+1/5-1/6+1/6-1/7+1/7-1/8

   B<1/1-1/8

   B<7/8

mà 7/8<1

⇒B<7/8<1

⇒B<1

b)S=3/1.4+3/4.7+3/7.10+...+3/40.43+3/43.46

   S=1/1-1/4+1/4-1/7+1/7-1/10+...+1/40-1/43+1/43-1/46

   S=1/1-1/46

   S=45/46

Vì 45/46<1 nên S<1

Vậy S<1

Chúc bạn học tốt!

a)\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}<\dfrac{1}{1.2}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{3^3}<\dfrac{1}{2.3}\)

\(...\)

\(\dfrac{1}{8^2}<\dfrac{1}{7.8}\)

Vậy ta có biểu thức:

\(B=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{8^2}<\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{7.8}\)

\(B= 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{7}-\dfrac{1}{8}\)

\(B<1-\dfrac{1}{8}=\dfrac{7}{8}<1\)

Vậy B < 1 (đpcm)

Đặt B=122+132+...+182B=122+132+...+182A=11⋅2+12⋅3+...+17⋅8A=11⋅2+12⋅3+...+17⋅8

=1−18<1(2)=1−18<1(2)

Từ  ta có: