^{_{Answer the questions below}}

^{_{The first steam-powered machine was built in 1698 by the English military engineer Thomas Savery. He called it “water by fire”.His invention, designed to pump water out of coal mines, was known as the Miner‟s Friend. But because the engine‟s pressure was too strong, it often caused explosions. Then in 1712, an English engineer, Thomas Newcomen (N-E-W-C-O-M-E-N) invented a more effective and practical steam engine.The Newcomen engine remained in use for more than 50 years but they turned out to be inefficient as a lot of energy was required for the engine to run effectively. Indeed, the most important improvement in steam engine design was brought about in 1781 by the Scottish engineer James Watt (J-A-M-E-S W-A-T-T). He revolutionized the steam engine by making use of a separate condenser in the original design. When the financial backing became available, the engine was finally introduced in railways and ships. There were over 60,000 cars powered by steam during the years from 1897 to 1927 in the United States.}}

^{_{1.   What was the first steam machine called?}}

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      ^{_{2.   What was the limitation of the first steam engine?}}

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      ^{_{3.   For how long was the Newcomen machine used?}}

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      ^{_{4.   What means of transport was the James Watt machine applied in?}}

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      ^{_{5.   How many cars were there run by steam between 1897 and 1927 in America?}}

Read the passage and answer the multiple-choice questions.

In 1863, the French writer Ponton D'Amecourt was the first person to create the word "helicopter" from the two words "helico" for spiral and "pter" for wings. The very first helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu in 1907, but it was not successful. French inventor, Etienne Oehmichen built and flew a helicopter one kilometer in 1924.

However, Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the father of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further design were based. One of aviation's greatest designers, Russian born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorsky's successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern helicopters of today. He also designed and built the first military helicopter.

Igor Sikorsky's helicopters had the control to fly safely forwards and backwards, up and down, and sideways. In 1958, Igor Sikorsky's company made the world's first helicopter that could land and take off from water. It could also float on the water.

1. Igor Sikorsky invented the first helicopter in the world.

A. True              B. False              C. Not mentioned

2. Who created the word "helicopter"?

3. Why was Igor Sikorsky called the father of helicopter?

4. Igor Sikorsky designed VS-300 helicopter model _____?

5. What made Igor Sikorsky's helicopters successful?

6. On the whole, the passage is about _____.

Complete the following text by writing ONE suitable preposition in each gap.

Cotton was cultivated in pakistan about 3,000 BC. It was also grown in Central America. Later it was also grown _____ Iraq and Egypt. The Industrial Revolution made cotton uch cheaper. In 1771 Richard Arkwright opened a cotton-spinning mill with a machine called a water frame, which was powered_____ a water mill. Then, in 1779, Samuel Crompton invented a new cotton-spinning machine called a spinning mule. Finally, in 1785 Edmund Cartwright invented a loom that could be powered by a steam engine. In 1794 American Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin. As a result_____ these new inventions cotton production boomed.

In 1884 Count Hilaire de Chardonnet made the first artificial fibre, from plant cellulose. In the following chemists invented new ways of making fibres_____ cellulose and by the 1920s they were common. The name rayon was invented in 1924.

Nylon was first made in 1935 by Wallace Carothers. Nylon stockings went_____ sale in 1940. Terylene was invented by British scientist John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson in 1941. Spandex was invented by Joseph Shivers in 1958. It was first manufactured in 1962

Dịch bài văn sau đây sang Tiếng Việt giúp mình với ( Đừng sử dụng goo dịch nha )

In 1863, the French write Poton D' Amecourt was the first person to create the word ''helicopter'' from the two words ''helico'' for spiral and ''pter'' for wings. The very first helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu in 1907, but it was not successful. French inventor, Etienne Oehmichen built and flew a helicopter one kilometer in 1924.

However, Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the father of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. One of aviation's greatest designers, Russian born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorsky's successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern helicopters of today. He also designed and built the first military helicopter.

Igor Sikorsky's helicopters had the control to fly safely forwards and backwards, up and down, and sideways. In 1958, Igor Sikorsky's company made the world's first helicopter that could land and take off from water. It could also float on the water.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a famous nineteenth-century engineer. He (1) _________ born in 1806 in Portsmouth, a seaport in the South of England. In 1923, after studying (2) _________ two years in Paris, he started (3) _________ for his father, (4) _________ was an engineer and inventor. He had been born near Rouen in France but in 1792 had left France for the US and had later settled in England. Both father and son were responsible for the design (5) _________ construction of the first tunnel under the River Thames. The digging of this tunnel was (6) _________ in 1825 and completed twenty years later. Today, it (7) _________ part of the London Underground system.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel went (8) _________ to design the Great Britain (1845), (9) _________ was the first large ship to be built (10) _________ iron instead of wood. It was powered (11) _________ steam and made regular crossings of the Atlantic. Remarkably, this ship is (12) _________ in existence. It (13) _________ been restored and can be seen in Bristol (14) _________ it was originally built. (15) _________ of Brunel’s great engineering achievements was the construction of the Great Western Railway from London to Bristol. He designed all the stations, bridges, tunnel and viaducts along the line.

Brunel’s ideas were ahead of his time and had difficulties in convincing people that they were realistic, and, indeed, some of his projects were very ambitious, but he (16) _________ determined to find (17) _________ to the (18) _________ difficult problems. Overwork ruined his health and he (19) _________ at the age of fifty-two in 1859. The work of Brunel, and his father, has always been highly regarded and Brunel University, founded in 1966, is (20) _________ after both of them.

Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.

The National Automobile Show in New York has been one of the top auto shows in the United States since 1900. On November 3 of that year, about 8,000 people looked over the “ horseless carriages”. It was opening day and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to large crowd; however, the black-tie audience treated the occasion more as a social affair than as sales extravaganza. It was also on the first day of this show that William Mckinley became the first U.S Present to ride in a car.

The automobile was not invented in the United States. That distinction belongs to Germany. Nikolaus Otto built the first practical internal-combustion engine there in 1876. Then, German engineer Karl Benz built what are regarded as the first modern automobiles in the mid-1880s. But the United States pioneered the merchandising of the automobile. The auto show proved to be an effective means of getting the public excited about automotive products.

By happenstance, the number of people at the first New York show equaled the entire car population of the United States at that time. In 1900, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-drawn carriages provided the prime means of personal transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. The rest ran on steam or electricity.

After viewing the cars made by forty car makers, the show’s audience favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from streamers, and the gasoline-powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1895, offered a fragrant additive designed to mask the smells of the naphtha that is burned. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome – the Gas mobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with a tiller like a boat instead of with a steering wheel. None of them was equipped with an automatic starter.

These early model cars were practically handmade and were not very dependable. They were basically toys of the well-to-do. In fact, Woodrow Wilson, then a professor at Princeton University and later President of the United States, predicted that automobiles would cause conflict between the wealthy and the poor. However, among the exhibitors at the 1900 show was a young engineer named Henry Ford. The cars he exhibited at the 1900 show apparently attracted no special notice. But before the end of the decade, he would revolutionize the automobile industry with his Model T Ford. The Model T, first produced in 1909, featured a standardized design and a steamlined method of production – the assembly line. Its lower costs made it available to the mass market.

Cars at the 1900 show ranged in price from 1,000 dollars to 1,500 dollars, or roughly 14,000 dollars to 21,000 in today’s prices. By 1913, the Model T was selling for less than 300 dollars , and soon the price would drop even further. “I will build cars for the multiudes,” Ford said, and he kept his promise

According to the passage, people at the 1900 National Automobile Show favored cars powered by

A. electricity 

B. naphtha 

C. gasoline 

D. steam

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

         Early peoples had no need of engineering works to supply their water. Hunters and nomads camped near natural sources of fresh water, and populations were so sparse that pollution of the water supply was not a serious problem. After community life developed and agricultural villages became urban centres, the problem of supplying water became important for inhabitants of a city, as well as for irrigation of the farms surrounding the city. Irrigation works were known in prehistoric times, and before 2000 BC the rulers of Babylonia and Egypt constructed systems of dams and canals to impound the flood waters of the Euphrates and Nile rivers, controlling floods and providing irrigation water throughout the dry season. Such irrigation canals also supplied water for domestic purposes. The first people to consider the sanitation of their water supply were the ancient Romans, who constructed a vast system of aqueducts to bring the clean waters of the Apennine Mountains into the city and built basins and filters along these mains to ensure the clarity of the water. The construction of such extensive water-supply systems declined when the Roman Empire disintegrated, and for several centuries local springs and wells formed the main source of domestic and industrial water.
          The invention of the force pump in England in the middle of the 16th century greatly extended the possibilities of development of water-supply systems. In London, the first pumping waterworks was completed in 1562; it pumped river water to a reservoir about 37 m above the level of the River Thames and from the reservoir the water was distributed by gravity, through lead pipes, to buildings in the vicinity.
Increased per-capita demand has coincided with water shortages in many countries. Southeast England, for example, receives only 14 per cent of Britain's rainfall, has 30 per cent of its population, and has experienced declining winter rainfall since the 1980s.
          In recent years a great deal of interest has been shown in the conversion of seawater to fresh water to provide drinking water for very dry areas, such as the Middle East. Several different processes, including distillation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and direct-freeze evaporation, have been developed for this purpose. Some of these processes have been used in large facilities in the United States. Although these processes are successful, the cost of treating seawater is much higher than that for treating fresh water

Clean water supply was first taken into consideration by ______.

A. the Egyptians  

B. the US people  

C. the English people     

D. the ancient Romans

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Early peoples had no need of engineering works to supply their water. Hunters and nomads camped near natural sources of fresh water, and populations were so sparse that pollution of the water supply was not a serious problem. After community life developed and agricultural villages became urban centres, the problem of supplying water became important for inhabitants of a city, as well as for irrigation of the farms surrounding the city. Irrigation works were known in prehistoric times, and before 2000 BC the rulers of Babylonia and Egypt constructed systems of dams and canals to impound the flood waters of the Euphrates and Nile rivers, controlling floods and providing irrigation water throughout the dry season. Such irrigation canals also supplied water for domestic purposes. The first people to consider the sanitation of their water supply were the ancient Romans, who constructed a vast system of aqueducts to bring the clean waters of the Apennine Mountains into the city and built basins and filters along these mains to ensure the clarity of the water. The construction of such extensive water-supply systems declined when the Roman Empire disintegrated, and for several centuries local springs and wells formed the main source of domestic and industrial water.

The invention of the force pump in England in the middle of the 16th century greatly extended the possibilities of development of water-supply systems. In London, the first pumping waterworks was completed in 1562; it pumped river water to a reservoir about 37 m above the level of the River Thames and from the reservoir the water was distributed by gravity, through lead pipes, to buildings in the vicinity.

Increased per-capita demand has coincided with water shortages in many countries. Southeast England, for example, receives only 14 per cent of Britain's rainfall, has 30 per cent of its population, and has experienced declining winter rainfall since the 1980s.

In recent years a great deal of interest has been shown in the conversion of seawater to fresh water to provide drinking water for very dry areas, such as the Middle East. Several different processes, including distillation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and direct-freeze evaporation, have been developed for this purpose. Some of these processes have been used in large facilities in the United States. Although these processes are successful, the cost of treating seawater is much higher than that for treating fresh water

Clean water supply was first taken into consideration by ______

A. the Egyptians

B. the English people

C. the US people

D. the ancient Romans

Read and answer the questions

Last night in Cowford many trees were blown down in the storm. One tree fell across the main road in Cổd. It was taken away by the fire service during the night. Heavy rain also caused problems on the roads. Some roads were coverecd by half a metre of water. Many motorists left their cars and walked home. The situation this moring is better and nearly back to normal. The last few cars are being removed by the emergency services at the moment. The broken lines are being repaired. The traffic is now moving in and out of the town along the again roads. 1. When were many trees blown down in Cowford? 2. How many trees fell across the main road? 3. Was it taken away by the fire service? 4. What were covered by half a metre of water? 5. Are the broken lines being repaired now?