They often ______hard on the farm.
A. work B. to work C. works D. working
II. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE (2.5 points / 0.25 each)
Choose the best option (A, B, C, or D) to complete each of the following sentences.
4. He’s not really interested in _______ on the farm.
A. to work B. work C. working D. worked
5. Could you_______ me how to use this mobile phone?
A. was doing B. show C. explain D. give
6. When you phoned me, I _______ my homework.
A. was doing B. did C. am doing D. have done
7. The air is polluted _______ there is too much traffic.
A. because B. therefore C. however D. but
8. Can you help me find the man _______ saved the girl?
A. which B. who C. whom D. whose
9. Lan didn’t come to the party because she had to look _______ her youngest brother.
A. at B. for C. forward D. after
10. We felt _______ when the New Year’s Eve was coming near.
A. excitement B. excited C. excitedly D. exciting
11. Tet is a festival_______ occurs in late January or early February.
A. What B. which C. when D. where
12. The children have to come back before dark, _______?
A. haven’t they B. do they C. don’t they D. have they
13. They enjoy _______ computer games.
A. play B. to play C. played D. playing
4 C
5 B
6 A
7 A
8 B
9 D
10 B
11 B
12 C
13 D
Often a team of engineers is ...
A. work on one project B. on one project work C. working on one project D. to work on one project
Often a team of engineers is ...
A. work on one project B. on one project work C. working on one project D. to work on one project
Khoanh vào đáp án đúng
James has two jobs. (1)………….Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday he works in a (2)……….where he helps to look after children who (3)………..ill. He goes to the hospital (4)………bus. He starts (5)………at ten o’clock and works until quarter (6)……….five. He (7)………at home on Thursday and Friday, he writes stories. In (8)……… evening, one of his roommates cooks the meal. After dinner, they (9)…………at the newspapers to see what’s on TV or they (10)…………about the day.
1. A. At B. In C. On D. Up
2. A. school B. hospital C. office D. factory
3. A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. A. in B. on C. under D. by
5. A. job B. day C. hand D. work
6. A. to B. at C. by D. about
7. A. work B. works C. working D. to work
8. A. a B. an C. O D. the
9. A. see B. watch C. look D. meet
10. A. sing B. talk C. hear D. listen
James has two jobs. (1)………….Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday he works in a (2)……….where he helps to look after children who (3)………..ill. He goes to the hospital (4)………bus. He starts (5)………at ten o’clock and works until quarter (6)……….five. He (7)………at home on Thursday and Friday, he writes stories. In (8)……… evening, one of his roommates cooks the meal. After dinner, they (9)…………at the newspapers to see what’s on TV or they (10)…………about the day.
1. A. At B. In C. On D. Up
2. A. school B. hospital C. office D. factory
3. A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. A. in B. on C. under D. by
5. A. job B. day C. hand D. work
6. A. to B. at C. by D. about
7. A. work B. works C. working D. to work
8. A. a B. an C. O D. the
9. A. see B. watch C. look D. meet
10. A. sing B. talk C. hear D. listen
1.C ,2.B ,3.C ,4.D ,5.A ,6.A ,7.B ,8.D ,9.C ,10.B
Khoanh vào đáp án đúng
James has two jobs. (1)………….Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday he works in a (2)……….where he helps to look after children who (3)………..ill. He goes to the hospital (4)………bus. He starts (5)………at ten o’clock and works until quarter (6)……….five. He (7)………at home on Thursday and Friday, he writes stories. In (8)……… evening, one of his roommates cooks the meal. After dinner, they (9)…………at the newspapers to see what’s on TV or they (10)…………about the day.
1. A. At B. In C. On D. Up
2. A. school B. hospital C. office D. factory
3. A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. A. in B. on C. under D. by
5. A. job B. day C. hand D. work
6. A. to B. at C. by D. about
7. A. work B. works C. working D. to work
8. A. a B. an C. O D. the
9. A. see B. watch C. look D. meet
10. A. sing B. talk C. hear D. listen
James has two jobs. (1)………….Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday he works in a (2)……….where he helps to look after children who (3)………..ill. He goes to the hospital (4)………bus. He starts (5)………at ten o’clock and works until quarter (6)……….five. He (7)………at home on Thursday and Friday, he writes stories. In (8)……… evening, one of his roommates cooks the meal. After dinner, they (9)…………at the newspapers to see what’s on TV or they (10)…………about the day.
1. A. At B. In C. On D. Up
2. A. school B. hospital C. office D. factory
3. A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. A. in B. on C. under D. by
5. A. job B. day C. hand D. work
6. A. to B. at C. by D. about
7. A. work B. works C. working D. to work
8. A. a B. an C. O D. the
9. A. see B. watch C. look D. meet
10. A. sing B. talk C. hear D. listen
@Mai Thị Quỳnh Nga
James has two jobs. (1)………….Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday he works in a (2)……….where he helps to look after children who (3)………..ill. He goes to the hospital (4)………bus. He starts (5)………at ten o’clock and works until quarter (6)……….five. He (7)………at home on Thursday and Friday, he writes stories. In (8)……… evening, one of his roommates cooks the meal. After dinner, they (9)…………at the newspapers to see what’s on TV or they (10)…………about the day.
1. A. At B. In C. On D. Up
2. A. school B. hospital C. office D. factory
3. A. am B. is C. are D. be
4. A. in B. on C. under D. by
5. A. job B. day C. hand D. work
6. A. to B. at C. by D. about
7. A. work B. works C. working D. to work
8. A. a B. an C. O D. the
9. A. see B. watch C. look D. meet
10. A. sing B. talk C. hear D. listen
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Though they work as a team, they often don’t ______ eye to eye on most issues.
A. see
B. make
C. have
D. keep
Đáp án A.
Ta có: see eye to eye (idm): đồng tình
Dịch: Mặc dù họ làm việc theo nhóm, nhưng họ thường đồng tình với nhau hầu hết các vấn đề.
5. Miss Jessica enjoys _____________ with children. A. to work B. working C. works D. worked 6. They ____________ best friends when they were little boys but now their friendship no longer exists. A. are used to be B. are used to being C. used to D. used to be 7. My family ____________ a tour around that city two months ago. A. is taking B. had taken C. took D. take 8. Angelia Jolie ___________ the living room everyday. A. cleaned B. cleans C. is cleaned D. was cleaned 9. When they met again, they _____________ each other for ten years. A. don’t see B. hadn’t seen C. doesn’t see D. didn’t see 10. Tom and I ____________ to Mary’s birthday party together. A. am going B. are going C. will go D. go 11. I work from Tuesday to Saturday, and Sunday and Monday are my ____________. A. working days B. days out C. breaks D. days off 12. People who are deaf, dumb, blind or mentally retarded are called ____________. A. disabling B. disable C. the able D. the disabled 13. Jack ____________ the dream of becoming a scientist when he was small. A. liked B. received C. took D. harbored 14. Their parents realized that the young teacher was making great ____________ to help their poor kids. A. effects B. efforts C. expenses D. expects 15. My daughter went to Can Tho city yesterday. She got on the plane at 7.00 AM and the plane took _________ as in the schedule. A. up B. off C. on D. after 16. Paul seemed very proud __________ his success when everybody congratulated him on what he had got. A. for B. with C. in D. of 17. It’s a long day for us, we are ___________ with what we do. A. content B. contentment C. contented D. contends 18. During the rush hour, streets are often crowded _____________ people and vehicles. A. with B. in C. for D. of 19. She has looked worried ___________ something since she received a letter__________ her parents yesterday. A. about/from B. on/of C. in/for D. with/to
5. Miss Jessica enjoys _____________ with children.
A. to work B. working C. works D. worked
6. They ____________ best friends when they were little boys but now their friendship no longer exists.
A. are used to be B. are used to being C. used to D. used to be
7. My family ____________ a tour around that city two months ago.
A. is taking B. had taken C. took D. take
8. Angelia Jolie ___________ the living room everyday.
A. cleaned B. cleans C. is cleaned D. was cleaned
9. When they met again, they _____________ each other for ten years.
A. don’t see B. hadn’t seen C. doesn’t see D. didn’t see
10. Tom and I ____________ to Mary’s birthday party together.
A. am going B. are going C. will go D. go
11. I work from Tuesday to Saturday, and Sunday and Monday are my ____________.
A. working days B. days out C. breaks D. days off
12. People who are deaf, dumb, blind or mentally retarded are called ____________.
A. disabling B. disable C. the able D. the disabled
13. Jack ____________ the dream of becoming a scientist when he was small.
A. liked B. received C. took D. harbored
14. Their parents realized that the young teacher was making great ____________ to help their poor kids.
A. effects B. efforts C. expenses D. expects
15. My daughter went to Can Tho city yesterday. She got on the plane at 7.00 AM and the plane took _________ as in the schedule.
A. up B. off C. on D. after
16. Paul seemed very proud __________ his success when everybody congratulated him on what he had got.
A. for B. with C. in D. of
17. It’s a long day for us, we are ___________ with what we do.
A. content B. contentment C. contented D. contends
18. During the rush hour, streets are often crowded _____________ people and vehicles.
A. with B. in C. for D. of
19. She has looked worried ___________ something since she received a letter__________ her parents yesterday.
A. about/from B. on/of C. in/for D. with/to
5. Miss Jessica enjoys _____________ with children.
A. to work B. working C. works D. worked
6. They ____________ best friends when they were little boys but now their friendship no longer exists.
A. are used to be B. are used to being C. used to D. used to be
7. My family ____________ a tour around that city two months ago.
A. is taking B. had taken C. took D. take
8. Angelia Jolie ___________ the living room everyday.
A. cleaned B. cleans C. is cleaned D. was cleaned
9. When they met again, they _____________ each other for ten years.
A. don’t see B. hadn’t seen C. doesn’t see D. didn’t see
10. Tom and I ____________ to Mary’s birthday party together.
A. am going B. are going C. will go D. go
11. I work from Tuesday to Saturday, and Sunday and Monday are my ____________.
A. working days B. days out C. breaks D. days off
12. People who are deaf, dumb, blind or mentally retarded are called ____________.
A. disabling B. disable C. the able D. the disabled
13. Jack ____________ the dream of becoming a scientist when he was small.
A. liked B. received C. took D. harbored
14. Their parents realized that the young teacher was making great ____________ to help their poor kids.
A. effects B. efforts C. expenses D. expects
15. My daughter went to Can Tho city yesterday. She got on the plane at 7.00 AM and the plane took _________ as in the schedule.
A. up B. off C. on D. after
16. Paul seemed very proud __________ his success when everybody congratulated him on what he had got.
A. for B. with C. in D. of
17. It’s a long day for us, we are ___________ with what we do.
A. content B. contentment C. contented D. contends
18. During the rush hour, streets are often crowded _____________ people and vehicles.
A. with B. in C. for D. of
19. She has looked worried ___________ something since she received a letter__________ her parents yesterday.
A. about/from B. on/of C. in/for D. with/to
Mark letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct word or phrase to complete each of the sentences.
Câu 1. The manager suggested Tom ______ late tonight.
A. working B. to work C. works D. work
Câu 2. If you want to join our excursion next weekend, you must get your parents’_____.
A. permission B. permit C. permissive D. Permissible
Câu 3. Lan: “I’ve passed my exam.”- Mai: “_______________________”
A. It’s nice of you to say so. B. Congratulations
C. That’s a good idea. D. Good luck
Câu 4. Our environment is being ______ destroyed.
A. serious B. seriously C. seriousness D. so serious
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in each group.
Câu 5. A. published B. ordered C. sprayed D. cried
Câu 6. A. layer B. frame C. artisan D. place
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions that follow
The Tay live mainly in the Northeastern part of Viet Nam. They live in large and crowded villages with hundreds of houses. They live in houses built on stilts. They are mainly farmers and they grow rice on terraced fields. They also raise cattle and poultry. Tay traditional dress is made from homegrown cotton. There is usually not much embroidery or other decorations. Women wear skirts or trousers, with short shirts inside and long one on the outside. They have many festivals and holidays in a year. The Lunar New Year and the mid-July festivals are the most lavishly organized. During festivals, people in many places play con throwing, badminton, tug-of-war, dragon dancing, or chess. The Tay eat mainly sticky rice. On festival occasions, they make many kinds of cakes, such as banh chung (sticky rice square cakes), banh day (sticky rice round cakes) or banh khao (cakes made of white rice flour).
Câu 7. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
A. The Tay live in the Northeastern part of Viet Nam.
B. The Tay have many festivals and holidays in a year.
C. The Tay make many kinds of cakes on festival occasions.
D. The life of the Tay in Viet Nam
Câu 8. What do the Tay mainly eat?
A. sticky rice round cakes B. sticky rice
C. cakes made of white rice flour D. sticky rice square cakes
Câu 9. Which of the following is NOT true of the Tay?
A. They wear clothes with much embroidery B. They eat sticky rice.
C. They grow rice on terraced fields D. They live on stilt houses.
Câu 10. Which is true of the Tay’s life?
A. They buy cotton to make dress. B. They have one very important festival a year
C. They mainly work in agriculture. D. They work in industry
Câu 11. The word "lavishly" is closest in meaning to ______.
A. seriously B. carefully C. luxuriously D. lengthily
Mark letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the given one
Câu 12. "Where does your father work" - He asked me.
A. He asked me where my father worked.
B. He asked me to find where my father works.
C. He asked me to find where my father worked.
D. He asked me where my father works.
Câu 13. My mother is very busy at work. However, she takes good care of her children.
A. Though my mother was very busy at work my mother took good care of her children
B. Although my mother was very busy at work she did not take good care of her children
C. My mother takes good care of her children but she is very busy at work
D. In spite of being busy at work, my mother takes good care of her children
Câu 14. As he grows older, he becomes increasingly intelligent.
A. The older he grew, the more intelligent he becomes.
B. The oldest he grows, the more intelligent he becomes.
C. The older he grows, more intelligent he becomes.
D. The older he grows, the more intelligent he becomes.
Câu 15. I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.
A. If you promise to return the book next week, I won’t let you borrow it.
B. If you promise to return the book, I let you borrow it.
C. If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.
D. If you promised to return the book, I’ll let you borrow it
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the part that is incorrect.
Câu 16. The director is the man whom is wearing a suit with a red tie.
A. wearing B. whom C. with D. red tie.
Câu 17. Mathematics, one of the compulsory school subjects, play an important role in our lives
A. play B. subjects C. role D. one of
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose main stress position is placed differently from that of the others in each group.
Câu 18. A. downtown B. dogsled C. igloo D. fatal
Câu 19. A. carpentry B. embroider C. artefact D. conical
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct preposition or adverb particle that completes the sentences.
Câu 20. You have to take your hat ______ when you go to Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum.
A. along B. in C. up D. off
Câu 21. I wish my parents could put themselves ____________my shoes.
A. in B. on C. at D. to
Read the following passage and mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word that best completes each blank.
Puberty is the time when your body grows from a child’s to an adult’s. You will know that you are going through puberty by the way that your body changes. If you are a boy, your shoulders will (14)......and your body will become more muscular. These changes are caused by the hormones that your body begins producing in (15)....larger amounts than before.
Puberty occurs over a number of years, and the age at which it starts and ends varies widely. It generally begins somewhere between the ages of 7 and 13 for girls, and somewhere between the ages of 9 and 15 for boys,(16).......it can be earlier or later for some people. This wide range in age is normal. Sometimes, however, people pass this normal age range for puberty without showing any signs of body changes. This is called delayed puberty.
Câu 22. A. spread B. widen C. expand D. increase
Câu 23. A. lots of B. much C. many D. more
Câu 24. A. because of B. despite C. because D. although
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word.
Câu 25. The majority of The Viet live along the Red River and The Mekong Delta.
A. none B. all C. minority D. a half
------ HẾT ------
Mark letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct word or phrase to complete each of the sentences.
Câu 1. The manager suggested Tom ______ late tonight.
A. working B. to work C. works D. work
Câu 2. If you want to join our excursion next weekend, you must get your parents’_____.
A. permission B. permit C. permissive D. Permissible
Câu 3. Lan: “I’ve passed my exam.”- Mai: “_______________________”
A. It’s nice of you to say so. B. Congratulations
C. That’s a good idea. D. Good luck
Câu 4. Our environment is being ______ destroyed.
A. serious B. seriously C. seriousness D. so serious
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in each group.
Câu 5. A. published B. ordered C. sprayed D. cried
Câu 6. A. layer B. frame C. artisan D. place
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions that follow
The Tay live mainly in the Northeastern part of Viet Nam. They live in large and crowded villages with hundreds of houses. They live in houses built on stilts. They are mainly farmers and they grow rice on terraced fields. They also raise cattle and poultry. Tay traditional dress is made from homegrown cotton. There is usually not much embroidery or other decorations. Women wear skirts or trousers, with short shirts inside and long one on the outside. They have many festivals and holidays in a year. The Lunar New Year and the mid-July festivals are the most lavishly organized. During festivals, people in many places play con throwing, badminton, tug-of-war, dragon dancing, or chess. The Tay eat mainly sticky rice. On festival occasions, they make many kinds of cakes, such as banh chung (sticky rice square cakes), banh day (sticky rice round cakes) or banh khao (cakes made of white rice flour).
Câu 7. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
A. The Tay live in the Northeastern part of Viet Nam.
B. The Tay have many festivals and holidays in a year.
C. The Tay make many kinds of cakes on festival occasions.
D. The life of the Tay in Viet Nam
Câu 8. What do the Tay mainly eat?
A. sticky rice round cakes B. sticky rice
C. cakes made of white rice flour D. sticky rice square cakes
Câu 9. Which of the following is NOT true of the Tay?
A. They wear clothes with much embroidery B. They eat sticky rice.
C. They grow rice on terraced fields D. They live on stilt houses.
Câu 10. Which is true of the Tay’s life?
A. They buy cotton to make dress. B. They have one very important festival a year
C. They mainly work in agriculture. D. They work in industry
Câu 11. The word "lavishly" is closest in meaning to ______.
A. seriously B. carefully C. luxuriously D. lengthily
Mark letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the given one
Câu 12. "Where does your father work" - He asked me.
A. He asked me where my father worked.
B. He asked me to find where my father works.
C. He asked me to find where my father worked.
D. He asked me where my father works.
Câu 13. My mother is very busy at work. However, she takes good care of her children.
A. Though my mother was very busy at work my mother took good care of her children
B. Although my mother was very busy at work she did not take good care of her children
C. My mother takes good care of her children but she is very busy at work
D. In spite of being busy at work, my mother takes good care of her children
Câu 14. As he grows older, he becomes increasingly intelligent.
A. The older he grew, the more intelligent he becomes.
B. The oldest he grows, the more intelligent he becomes.
C. The older he grows, more intelligent he becomes.
D. The older he grows, the more intelligent he becomes.
Câu 15. I’ll let you borrow the book but you must promise to return it next week.
A. If you promise to return the book next week, I won’t let you borrow it.
B. If you promise to return the book, I let you borrow it.
C. If you promise to return the book next week, I’ll let you borrow it.
D. If you promised to return the book, I’ll let you borrow it
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the part that is incorrect.
Câu 16. The director is the man whom is wearing a suit with a red tie.
A. wearing B. whom C. with D. red tie.
Câu 17. Mathematics, one of the compulsory school subjects, play an important role in our lives
A. play B. subjects C. role D. one of
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose main stress position is placed differently from that of the others in each group.
Câu 18. A. downtown B. dogsled C. igloo D. fatal
Câu 19. A. carpentry B. embroider C. artefact D. conical
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct preposition or adverb particle that completes the sentences.
Câu 20. You have to take your hat ______ when you go to Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum.
A. along B. in C. up D. off
Câu 21. I wish my parents could put themselves ____________my shoes.
A. in B. on C. at D. to
Read the following passage and mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word that best completes each blank.
Puberty is the time when your body grows from a child’s to an adult’s. You will know that you are going through puberty by the way that your body changes. If you are a boy, your shoulders will (14)......and your body will become more muscular. These changes are caused by the hormones that your body begins producing in (15)....larger amounts than before.
Puberty occurs over a number of years, and the age at which it starts and ends varies widely. It generally begins somewhere between the ages of 7 and 13 for girls, and somewhere between the ages of 9 and 15 for boys,(16).......it can be earlier or later for some people. This wide range in age is normal. Sometimes, however, people pass this normal age range for puberty without showing any signs of body changes. This is called delayed puberty.
Câu 22. A. spread B. widen C. expand D. increase
Câu 23. A. lots of B. much C. many D. more
Câu 24. A. because of B. despite C. because D. although
Mark letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word.
Câu 25. The majority of The Viet live along the Red River and The Mekong Delta.
A. none B. all C. minority D. a half
many people think that students have(1)______ easy life because they only works a few hours a day and have long vacations . In fact, students have to(2)__________ hard atschool and(3)_______ home. they have five (4)_______ a day, six days a week. That is about 20 hours a week-(5)_______hours than any worker. But they have about 12 hours of homework every day. And a students has to riview his or her work before tests . This makes their working week about 45 hours.
1A. a B.an C. the
2 A. to work B. working C. work
3. A. at B. in C. on
4. A. hour B. class C. periods
5A. less B. more C. many
WHY PEOPLE WORK
All of us know that we have to work hard to earn a living ourselves and to support our family. However, we work not only for material life but also for many things that are beyond gaining money. We are working to affirm our ability on a certain field. We feel self-reliant, self-confident, and proud because we are financially independent.
Anyone who works is regarded as a useful member of society. We are working that means we are contributing useful goods and services to our country.
Working helps us train our skills and talents. We always try our best to do a good job. The better we work, the more money we earn and that motivate us to work harder. Without working, a man’s life will be empty, purposeless and meaningless and it is easy for a lazy jobless man to do wrongs.
1. We have to work hard _____
A. because we are forced to B. to make our material life better
C. to make ourselves purposeless D. All are correct
2. Besides money, ________________.
A. we can get many other benefits from work B. we can get some salary from work
C. we sometimes feel very meaningless D. we can not contribute anything to our country
3. The more we work _____ .
A. the duller we feel B. the less we earn C. the more we contribute to society D. A and B
4. What motivates us to work harder? - ______.
A. good job B. good pay C. good way D. good skills
5. Without working, one's life is _______.
A. better B. more confident C. self-reliant D. meaningless
WHY PEOPLE WORK
All of us know that we have to work hard to earn a living ourselves and to support our family. However, we work not only for material life but also for many things that are beyond gaining money. We are working to affirm our ability on a certain field. We feel self-reliant, self-confident, and proud because we are financially independent.
Anyone who works is regarded as a useful member of society. We are working that means we are contributing useful goods and services to our country.
Working helps us train our skills and talents. We always try our best to do a good job. The better we work, the more money we earn and that motivate us to work harder. Without working, a man’s life will be empty, purposeless and meaningless and it is easy for a lazy jobless man to do wrongs.
1. We have to work hard _____
A. because we are forced to B. to make our material life better
C. to make ourselves purposeless D. All are correct
2. Besides money, ________________.
A. we can get many other benefits from work B. we can get some salary from work
C. we sometimes feel very meaningless D. we can not contribute anything to our country
3. The more we work _____ .
A. the duller we feel B. the less we earn C. the more we contribute to society D. A and B
4. What motivates us to work harder? - ______.
A. good job B. good pay C. good way D. good skills
5. Without working, one's life is _______.
A. better B. more confident C. self-reliant D. meaningless