a) Vì \(\overrightarrow {OA}  = \overrightarrow u  = (x;y)\) nên A(x; y).

Tương tự: do \(\overrightarrow {OB}  = \overrightarrow v  = \left( {x'y'} \right)\) nên B (x’; y’)

b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {OA}  = (x;y) \Rightarrow O{A^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow {OA} } \right|^2} = {x^2} + {y^2}.\)

Và \(\overrightarrow {OB}  = (x'y') \Rightarrow O{B^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow {OB} } \right|^2} = x{'^2} + y{'^2}.\)

Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {AB}  = \overrightarrow {OB}  - \overrightarrow {OA}  = \left( {x'y'} \right) - \left( {x;y} \right) = \left( {x' - x;y' - y} \right)\)

\( \Rightarrow A{B^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right|^2} = {\left( {x' - x} \right)^2} + {\left( {y' - y} \right)^2}.\)

c) Theo định lí cosin trong tam giác OAB ta có:

\(\cos \widehat O = \frac{{O{A^2} + O{B^2} - A{B^2}}}{{2.OA.OB}}\)

Mà \(\overrightarrow {OA} .\overrightarrow {OB}  = \left| {\overrightarrow {OA} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {OB} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {OA} ,\overrightarrow {OB} } \right) = OA.OB.\cos \widehat O\)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {OA} .\overrightarrow {OB}  = OA.OB.\frac{{O{A^2} + O{B^2} - A{B^2}}}{{2.OA.OB}} = \frac{{O{A^2} + O{B^2} - A{B^2}}}{2}\)

\(\begin{array}{l} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {OA} .\overrightarrow {OB}  = \frac{{{x^2} + {y^2} + x{'^2} + y{'^2} - {{\left( {x' - x} \right)}^2} - {{\left( {y' - y} \right)}^2}}}{2}\\ \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {OA} .\overrightarrow {OB}  = \frac{{ - \left( { - 2x'.x} \right) - \left( { - 2y'.y} \right)}}{2} = x'.x + y'.y\end{array}\)

a) \(\overrightarrow{a}=2\overrightarrow{u}+3\overrightarrow{v}=2\left(3;-4\right)+3\left(2;5\right)=\left(6;-8\right)+\left(6;15\right)\)\(=\left(12;7\right)\).
b) \(\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{u}-\overrightarrow{v}=\left(3;-4\right)-\left(2;5\right)=\left(1;-9\right)\).
c) Hai véc tơ \(\overrightarrow{c}=\left(m;10\right)\) và \(\overrightarrow{v}\) cùng phương khi và chỉ khi:
\(\dfrac{m}{2}=\dfrac{10}{5}=2\Rightarrow m=4\).

a) Tọa độ của vectơ \(\overrightarrow u  + \overrightarrow v  + \overrightarrow w \) là: \(\overrightarrow u  + \overrightarrow v  + \overrightarrow w  = \left( { - 2 + 0 + \left( { - 2} \right);0 + 6 + 3} \right) = \left( { - 4;9} \right)\)

b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow w  + \overrightarrow u  = \overrightarrow v  \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow w  = \overrightarrow v  - \overrightarrow u \) nên \(\overrightarrow w  = \left( {0 - \sqrt 3 ; - \sqrt 7  - 0} \right) = \left( { - \sqrt 3 ; - \sqrt 7 } \right)\)

a) Tọa độ vectơ \(\overrightarrow u  = \left( {2.\left( { - 1} \right) + 3 - 3.2;2.2 + 1 - 3.\left( { - 3} \right)} \right) = \left( { - 5;14} \right)\)

b) Do \(\overrightarrow x  + 2\overrightarrow b  = \overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow c  \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow x  = \overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow c  - 2\overrightarrow b  = \left( { - 1 + 2 - 2.3;2 + \left( { - 3} \right) - 2.1} \right) = \left( { - 5; - 3} \right)\)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow x  = \left( { - 5; - 3} \right)\)

a) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow u  = (2; - 3)\)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow u  = 2.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 3} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \)

Tương tự ta có: \(\overrightarrow v  = (4;1),\;\overrightarrow a  = (8; - 12)\)

\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow v  = 4.\;\overrightarrow i  + 1.\;\overrightarrow j ;\;\;\overrightarrow a  = 8.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 12} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \)

b) Ta có: \(\left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow u  = 2.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 3} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \\\overrightarrow v  = 4.\;\overrightarrow i  + 1.\;\overrightarrow j \end{array} \right.\)(theo câu a)

\(\begin{array}{l} \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow u  + \;\overrightarrow v  = \left( {2.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 3} \right).\;\overrightarrow j } \right) + \left( {4.\;\overrightarrow i  + 1.\;\overrightarrow j } \right)\\4.\;\overrightarrow u  = 4\left( {2.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 3} \right).\;\overrightarrow j } \right)\end{array} \right.\\ \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow u  + \;\overrightarrow v  = \left( {2.\;\overrightarrow i  + 4.\;\overrightarrow i } \right) + \left( {\left( { - 3} \right).\;\overrightarrow j  + 1.\;\overrightarrow j } \right)\\4.\;\overrightarrow u  = 4.2.\;\overrightarrow i  + 4.\left( { - 3} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \end{array} \right.\\ \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow u  + \;\overrightarrow v  = 6.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 2} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \\4.\;\overrightarrow u  = 8.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 12} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \end{array} \right.\end{array}\)

c) Vì \(\left\{ \begin{array}{l}4.\;\overrightarrow u  = 8.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 12} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \\\overrightarrow a  = 8.\;\overrightarrow i  + \left( { - 12} \right).\;\overrightarrow j \end{array} \right.\) nên ta suy ra \(4.\;\overrightarrow u  = \overrightarrow a \)

a) Tọa độ của vectơ \(\overrightarrow a \) là \(\left( {2;7} \right)\)

b) Tọa độ của vectơ \(\overrightarrow b \) là \(\left( { - 1;3} \right)\)

c) Tọa độ của vectơ \(\overrightarrow c \) là \(\left( {4;0} \right)\)

d) Tọa độ của vectơ \(\overrightarrow d \) là \(\left( {0; - 9} \right)\)

a) \(\overrightarrow{u}=3\overrightarrow{a}+2\overrightarrow{b}-4\overrightarrow{c}=3\left(2;1\right)+2\left(3;-4\right)-4\left(-7;2\right)\)
\(=\left(6;3\right)+\left(6;-8\right)-\left(-28;8\right)\)
\(=\left(6+6+28;3-8-8\right)=\left(40;-13\right)\).
b) \(\overrightarrow{x}+\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{c}\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{c}-\overrightarrow{a}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(3;-4\right)-\left(-7;2\right)-\left(2;1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(3+7-2;-4-2-1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(8;-7\right)\).
c) Có \(\overrightarrow{c}\left(-7;2\right)=k\overrightarrow{a}+h\overrightarrow{b}=k\left(2;1\right)+h\left(3;-4\right)\)
\(=\left(2k+3h;k-4h\right)\).
Từ đó suy ra: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2k+3h=-7\\k-4h=2\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}k=-2\\h=-1\end{matrix}\right.\).

Lời giải:

a)

\(\overrightarrow{x}=\overrightarrow{u}-\overrightarrow{v}=(1-2, 2-2,3-(-1))=(-1,0,4)\)

b)

\(\overrightarrow{x}=\overrightarrow{u}-\overrightarrow{v}+2\overrightarrow{w}=(1-2+2.4,2-2+2.0; 3-(-1)+2(-4))\)

\(=(7, 0, -4)\)

c)

\(\overrightarrow{x}=2\overrightarrow{u}+4\overrightarrow{v}-\overrightarrow{w}=(2.1+4.2-4, 2.2+4.2-0, 2.3+4.(-1)-(-4))\)

\(=(6,12,6)\)

d)

\(2\overrightarrow{x}=3\overrightarrow{u}+\overrightarrow{w}=3(1,2,3)+(4,0,-4)=(3.1+4, 3.2+0,3.3+(-4))\)

\(=(7,6,5)\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{x}=(\frac{7}{2}, 3, \frac{5}{2})\)

e)

\(3\overrightarrow{x}=-2\overrightarrow{u}-\overrightarrow{v}+\overrightarrow{w}=-2(1,2,3)-(2,2,-1)+(4,0,-4)\)

\(=(-2,-4,-6)-(2,2,-1)+(4,0,-4)=(-2-2+4,-4-2+0,-6-(-1)+(-4))\)

\(=(0,-6,-9)\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{x}=(0,-2,-3)\)