a) Ta có: \(A=x\left(x+2\right)+y\left(y-2\right)-2xy+37\)

\(=x^2+2x+y^2-2y-2xy+37\)

\(=\left(x^2-2xy+y^2\right)+\left(2x-2y\right)+37\)

\(=\left(x-y\right)^2+2\left(x-y\right)+37\)

\(=\left(x-y\right)\left(x-y+2\right)+37\)(1)

Thay x-y=7 vào biểu thức (1), ta được:

\(A=7\cdot\left(7+2\right)+37=7\cdot9+37=100\)

Vậy: Khi x-y=7 thì A=100

b) Ta có: \(x+y=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2+2xy=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2xy+10=4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2xy=-6\)

\(\Leftrightarrow xy=-3\)

Ta có: \(A=x^3+y^3\)

\(=\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2\right)\)(2)

Thay x+y=2; \(x^2+y^2=10\) và xy=-3 vào biểu thức (2), ta được:

\(A=2\cdot\left(10+3\right)=2\cdot13=26\)

Vậy: Khi x+y=2 và \(x^2+y^2=10\) thì A=26

\(\Rightarrow A=x^2+2x+y^2-2y-2xy+37=x^2-2xy+y^2+2\left(x-y\right)+37=\left(x-y\right)^2+2\left(x-y\right)+37=7^2+2\cdot7+37=100\)

\(\Rightarrow A=x^3+y^3=\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2+y^2-xy\right)=\left(x+y\right)\left[x^2+y^2-\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2-\left(x^2+y^2\right)}{2}\right]=2\cdot\left[10+3\right]=2\cdot13=26\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-z\\x+z=-y\\y+z=-x\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow P=\left(\dfrac{x+y}{y}\right)\left(\dfrac{y+z}{z}\right)\left(\dfrac{x+z}{x}\right)=-\dfrac{z}{y}\cdot\dfrac{-x}{z}\cdot-\dfrac{y}{x}=-1\)

Ta có \(\dfrac{1}{x+1}+\dfrac{1}{y+2}+\dfrac{1}{z+3}\ge\dfrac{9}{x+y+z+6}\), do đó:

\(\dfrac{9}{x+y+z+6}\le1\) 

\(\Leftrightarrow x+y+z\ge3\)

Đặt \(x+y+z=t\left(t\ge3\right)\). Khi đó \(P=t+\dfrac{1}{t}\)

\(P=\dfrac{t}{9}+\dfrac{1}{t}+\dfrac{8}{9}t\)

\(\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{t}{9}.\dfrac{1}{t}}+\dfrac{8}{9}.3\)

\(=\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{24}{9}\)

\(=\dfrac{10}{3}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}t=x+y+z=3\\x+1=y+2=z+3\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(2,1,0\right)\)

Vậy \(min_P=\dfrac{10}{3}\Leftrightarrow\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(2,1,0\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{2}{y}+\dfrac{3}{z}=0\)

=>\(\dfrac{yz+2xz+3xy}{xyz}=0\)

=>yz+2xz+3xy=0

=>\(xy+\dfrac{2}{3}xz+\dfrac{1}{3}yz=0\)

\(x+\dfrac{y}{2}+\dfrac{z}{3}=1\)

=>\(\left(x+\dfrac{y}{2}+\dfrac{z}{3}\right)^2=1\)

=>\(x^2+\dfrac{y^2}{4}+\dfrac{z^2}{9}+2\left(x\cdot\dfrac{y}{2}+x\cdot\dfrac{z}{3}+\dfrac{y}{2}\cdot\dfrac{z}{3}\right)=1\)

=>\(A+2\left(\dfrac{xy}{2}+\dfrac{xz}{3}+\dfrac{yz}{6}\right)=1\)

=>A+xy+2/3xz+1/3yz=1

=>A=1

Đặt \(\dfrac{1}{a}=\dfrac{1}{x+y},\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{y+z},\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{z+x}\)

Đề trở thành: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=0\), tính \(P=\dfrac{bc}{a^2}+\dfrac{ac}{b^2}+\dfrac{ab}{c^2}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=0\) Tương đương \(ab+bc=-ac\)

\(P=\dfrac{b^3c^3+a^3c^3+a^3b^3}{a^2b^2c^2}=\dfrac{\left(ab+bc\right)\left(a^2b^2-ab^2c+b^2c^2\right)+a^3c^3}{a^2b^2c^2}=\dfrac{-ac\left(a^2b^2-ab^2c+b^2c^2\right)+a^3c^3}{a^2b^2c^2}\)

\(=\dfrac{a^2c^2-a^2b^2+ab^2c-b^2c^2}{ab^2c}=\dfrac{ac}{b^2}-\dfrac{a}{c}+1-\dfrac{c}{a}\)\(=ac\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{2}{ac}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)-\dfrac{a}{c}+1-\dfrac{c}{a}\) (do \(\dfrac{1}{b}=-\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{c}\) tương đương \(\dfrac{1}{b^2}=\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{2}{ac}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\)) 

\(=3\)

Vậy P=3