Phân thức đại số

Bài 1: \(a+b\ge1\). cm \(a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{1}{8}\)

ta có : \(a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{2}\)(BĐT bunyakovsky)

Áp dụng BĐt bunyakovsky 1 lần nữa:

\(a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{4}=\dfrac{1}{8}\)

dấu = xảy ra khi \(a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Bài 2:

Áp dụng BĐT bunyakovsky dạng đa thức và phân thức:

\(\left(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\right)\left(a+b+c\right)\ge\left(\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\right)^2\ge\left[\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c}\right]^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)

do đó \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\ge a+b+c\)

dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c

Bài 1:

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:

\(\left(1^2+1^2\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge\left(a+b\right)^2=1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge1\Rightarrow a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Lại theo Cauchy-Schwarz lần nữa:

\(\left[\left(1^2\right)^2+\left(1^2\right)^2\right]\left[\left(a^2\right)^2+\left(b^2\right)^2\right]\ge\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^4+b^4\right)\ge\dfrac{1}{4}\Leftrightarrow a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{1}{8}\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Bài 2:

Trước tiên ta chứng minh \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\)

Ta chứng minh bổ đề: \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{b}+a-b\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3\ge ab\left(a+b\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\left(a+b\right)\ge0\)(đúng)

Viết các BĐT tương tự và cộng lại

\(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{b}+a-b+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+b-c+\dfrac{c^2}{a}+c-a=\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\left(1\right)\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel ta có:

\(\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c}=a+b+c\left(2\right)\)

Từ \((1);(2)\) ta thu được ĐPCM

BT2) Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM,ta có:

\(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}\)+b+b\(\geq\) 3\(\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}.b.b}\) = 3a

\(\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}\)+c+c\(\geq\) 3\(\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}.c.c}\) = 3b

\(\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\)+a+a\(\geq\) 3\(\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}.a.a}\) = 3a

Cộng các BĐT lại với nhau ta được:

\(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}\)+\(\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}\)+\(\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\)+2a+2b+2c\(\geq\) 3a+3b+3c

\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\) \(\geq\) a+b+c

Dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c

dùng cô si cho nhiều số :V

Áp dụng bđt AM-GM:

\(\dfrac{x^3}{y^2}+y+y\ge3\sqrt[3]{x^3}=3x\)

\(\dfrac{y^3}{z^2}+z+z\ge3\sqrt[3]{y^3}=3y\)

\(\dfrac{z^3}{x^2}+x+x\ge3\sqrt[3]{z^3}=3z\)

Cộng theo vế suy ra: \(\dfrac{x^3}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^3}{z^2}+\dfrac{z^3}{x^2}\ge x+y+z\)

"=" khi a=b=c

Đề bài là cmr nhé

cach khac\(\left(a+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2+\left(b+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+\dfrac{4}{a+b}\right)^2=\dfrac{25}{2}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:

\(\left(1^2+1^2\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge\left(a+b\right)^2=1\)

\(\Rightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge1\Rightarrow a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\)

Áp dụng BĐT Holder ta có:

\(\left(a+b\right)\left(a+b\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}\right)\ge\left(1+1\right)^3=8\)

Lại có:

\(\left(a+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2+\left(b+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2=4+a^2+b^2+\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}\ge4+\dfrac{1}{2}+8=\dfrac{25}{2}\)

Thay abc = 2 vào biểu thức A ta được:

\(A=\dfrac{a}{ab+a+abc}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{abc\cdot c}{ac+abc+abc}\\ A=\dfrac{1}{b+1+bc}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{bc}{1+bc+b}\\ A=\dfrac{1+b+bc}{1+b+bc}\\ A=1\)

Pt đã cho được viết lại thành:
\(\left(x^2+2xy+y^2\right)+\left(4x^2-4x\right)-40=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(4x^2-4x+1\right)-41=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(2x-1\right)^2=41\)
Vì x,y nguyên nên \(\left(x+y\right)^2;\left(2x-1\right)^2\) là các số chính phương.
Và \(\left(2x-1\right)^2\) là số chính phương lẻ.
Mà \(41=25+16=\left(\pm5\right)^2+\left(\pm4\right)^2\)
Xét các TH:
• TH1: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=4\\2x-1=5\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=3\\y=1\end{matrix}\right.\)

• TH2:\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=4\\2x-1=-5\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-2\\y=6\end{matrix}\right.\)

• TH3: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-4\\2x-1=5\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y=-7\\x=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

• TH4: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-4\\2x-1=-5\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y=-2\\x=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

Vậy các cặp số (x;y) cần tìm là ( -2;-2 ) ; ( 3;-7) ; (3;1) ; (-2;6)

Đặt \(M=\dfrac{a-b}{c}+\dfrac{b-c}{a}+\dfrac{c-a}{b}\)

Xét \(M\times\dfrac{c}{a-b}=1+\dfrac{c}{a-b}\left(\dfrac{b-c}{a}+\dfrac{c-a}{b}\right)=1+\dfrac{c}{a-b}\left(\dfrac{b^2-bc+ac-a^2}{ab}\right)=1+\dfrac{c}{a-b}\left(\dfrac{\left(b-a\right)\left(b+a\right)-c\left(b-a\right)}{ab}\right)=1+\dfrac{c}{a-b}\left(\dfrac{\left(b-a\right)\left(a+b-c\right)}{ab}\right)\)

Vì \(a+b+c=0\Leftrightarrow a+b=-c\Leftrightarrow a+b-c=-2c\)

\(\Rightarrow M\times\dfrac{c}{a-b}=1+\dfrac{c}{a-b}\times\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)2c}{ab}=1+\dfrac{2c^2}{ac}=1+\dfrac{2c^3}{abc}\)

Tương tự \(M\times\dfrac{a}{b-c}=1+\dfrac{2a^3}{abc}\)

\(M\times\dfrac{b}{c-a}=1+\dfrac{2b^3}{abc}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=3+\dfrac{2\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)}{abc}\)

Mà do \(a+b+c=0\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\)

\(\Rightarrow A=9\)

Cách làm mới cũng khá chính xác, nhớ tick mình nha .
Vì a+b+c=0 nên (a+b)(b+c)(c+a)=-abc
Áp dụng bất hằng đẳng thức\(a^2\left(c-b\right)+b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(b-c\right)=\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right) \)

\(a^2\left(b+c\right)+b^2\left(c+a\right)+c^2\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)-2abc\)

Ta có A=\(A=\left(\dfrac{a-b}{c}+\dfrac{b-c}{a}+\dfrac{c-a}{b}\right)\left(\dfrac{c}{a-b}+\dfrac{a}{b-c}+\dfrac{b}{c-a}\right)\)

\(A=\left(\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)ab+\left(b-c\right)bc+\left(c-a\right)ac}{abc}\right)\left(\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)c+\left(a-b\right)\left(c-a\right)a+\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}\right)\)

\(A=(\dfrac{-[a^2\left(c-b\right)+b^2\left(a-b\right)+c^2\left(b-c\right)]}{abc})\left(\dfrac{a^2\left(b+c\right)+b^2\left(a+c\right)+c^2\left(a+b\right)-5abc-a^3-b^3-c^3}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}\right)\)

A=\(=\left(\dfrac{-1}{abc}\right)\left(-9abc\right)=9\)