By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward- looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the

icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, forwhich the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 3 is closest in meaning to                  .

A.  progressive     B. popular             C. thrifty              D. well-established

2.The author mentions fish in line 5 because .

A. many fish dealers also sold ice

B. fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

C. fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice

D. fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

3. The word "it" in line 5 refers to .

A. fresh meat

B. the Civil War

C. ice

D. a refrigerator

4.   The word "rudimentary" in line 10 is closest in meaning to               .

A.  growing         B. undeveloped         C. necessary             D. uninteresting

5.      The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that

A.  the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

B.  Moore was an honest merchant

C.  Moore was a prosperous farmer

D.  Moore's design was fairly successful

6.   According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to                 .

A.  charge more for his butter                       B. travel to market at night

C. manufacture butter more quickly              D. produce ice all year round

7.   According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would ...................... .

A.  completely prevent ice from melting         B. stop air from circulating

C. allow ice to melt slowly                           D. use blankets to conserve ice

MỌI NGƯỜI LÀM VÀ TRÍCH TẠI SAO NHƯ THẾ NHÉ 

EM XIN CẢM ƠN

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward- looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the

icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, forwhich the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 3 is closest in meaning to                  .

A.  progressive     B. popular             C. thrifty              D. well-established

2.The author mentions fish in line 5 because .

A. many fish dealers also sold ice

B. fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

C. fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice

D. fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

3. The word "it" in line 5 refers to .

A. fresh meat

B. the Civil War

C. ice

D. a refrigerator

4.   The word "rudimentary" in line 10 is closest in meaning to               .

A.  growing         B. undeveloped         C. necessary             D. uninteresting

5.      The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that

A.  the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

B.  Moore was an honest merchant

C.  Moore was a prosperous farmer

D.  Moore's design was fairly successful

6.   According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to                 .

A.  charge more for his butter                       B. travel to market at night

C. manufacture butter more quickly              D. produce ice all year round

7.   According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would                .

A.  completely prevent ice from melting         B. stop air from circulating

C. allow ice to melt slowly                           D. use blankets to conserve ice

MỌI NGƯỜI LÀM VÀ TRÍCH TẠI SAO NHƯ THẾ NHÉ 

EM XIN CẢM ƠN

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward- looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the

icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, forwhich the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 3 is closest in meaning to                  .

A.  progressive     B. popular             C. thrifty              D. well-established

2.The author mentions fish in line 5 because .

A. many fish dealers also sold ice

B. fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

C. fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice

D. fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

3. The word "it" in line 5 refers to .

A. fresh meat

B. the Civil War

C. ice

D. a refrigerator

4.   The word "rudimentary" in line 10 is closest in meaning to               .

A.  growing         B. undeveloped         C. necessary             D. uninteresting

5.      The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that

A.  the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

B.  Moore was an honest merchant

C.  Moore was a prosperous farmer

D.  Moore's design was fairly successful

6.   According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to                 .

A.  charge more for his butter                       B. travel to market at night

C. manufacture butter more quickly              D. produce ice all year round

7.   According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would ...................... .

A.  completely prevent ice from melting         B. stop air from circulating

C. allow ice to melt slowly                           D. use blankets to conserve ice

MỌI NGƯỜI LÀM VÀ TRÍCH TẠI SAO NHƯ THẾ NHÉ 

EM XIN CẢM ƠN

Until the nineteenth century, the ownership of land was the only certain basis of power in England. It is true that both power and money (1) ________ be acquired by (2) ________ means: by trade, by commerce, by fighting, by useful services to the government or by personal service to the king and queen. But wealth unsupported by power was (3) ________ to be plundered, power based only on personal abilities was at the mercy of time and future, and the power to be (4) ________ through trade or commerce was limited. Before the nineteenth century (5) ________ wealth of England lay in the countryside as opposed to the towns; landowners (6) ________ than merchants were the dominating (7) ________ and ran the country so that their own interests were the last to suffer. Even (8)________ the economic balance began to change, they were so thoroughly in (9) ________of administration and legislation, that their political and social supremacy continued. As a rule, from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, anyone who had made money by whatever means, and was ambitious for (10)________ and his family, automatically invested in a country estate.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.

In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways; first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvement; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.

Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage as areas that involved state governments in the nineteenth century EXCEPT

A. mining

B. banking

C. manufacturing

D. higher education

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.

In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways; first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvement; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.

Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.

It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and railroads were

A. built with money that came from the federal government

B. much more expensive to build than they had been previously

C. built predominantly in the western part of the country

D. sometimes built in part by state companies

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.

In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways; first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvement; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.

Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.

Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government in the nineteenth century?

A. Control of the manufacture of gunpowder

B. Determining the conditions under which individuals worked

C. Regulation of the supply of money

D. Inspection of new homes built on western lands

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct

answer to each of the question.

If "suburb" means an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830's and 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.

With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle class 64whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.                                                                                                 

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a factor in nineteenth-century suburbanization?

A. Cheaper housing

B. Urban crowding 

C. The advent of an urban middle class 

D. The invention of the electric streetcar