Trước hết theo BĐT Schur bậc 3 ta có:

\(\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)+9abc\ge2\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+3abc\ge2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\) (do \(a+b+c=3\)) (1)

Đặt vế trái BĐT cần chứng minh là P, ta có:

\(P=\dfrac{\left(a^2+abc\right)^2}{a^2b^2+2abc^2}+\dfrac{\left(b^2+abc\right)^2}{b^2c^2+2a^2bc}+\dfrac{\left(c^2+abc\right)^2}{a^2c^2+2ab^2c}\)

\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+3abc\right)^2}{a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2+2abc\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+3abc\right)^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}\)

Áp dụng (1):

\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{\left[2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\right]^2}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}=4\) (đpcm)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Ta có \(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\geq a^2b^2c^2\Leftrightarrow \frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}\geq 1\)

BĐT cần chứng minh tương đương với \(\frac{\frac{1}{c^3}}{\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}}+\frac{\frac{1}{b^3}}{\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}}+\frac{\frac{1}{a^3}}{\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}}\geq \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)

Đặt \((\frac{1}{a},\frac{1}{b},\frac{1}{c})=(x,y,z)\). Bài toán trở thành: 

Cho \(x,y,z>0|x^2+y^2+z^2\geq 1\). CMR \(P=\frac{x^3}{y^2+z^2}+\frac{y^3}{z^2+x^2}+\frac{z^3}{x^2+y^2}\geq \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)

Lời giải:

 Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy -Schwarz:

\(P=\frac{x^4}{xy^2+xz^2}+\frac{y^4}{yz^2+yx^2}+\frac{z^4}{zx^2+zy^2}\geq \frac{(x^2+y^2+^2)^2}{x^2(y+z)+y^2(x+z)+z^2(x+y)}\) (1)

Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử \(x\geq y\geq z\Rightarrow x^2\geq y^2\geq z^2\) 

Và \(y+z\leq z+x\leq x+y\). Khi đó, áp dụng BĐT Chebyshev: 

\(3[x^2(y+z)+y^2(x+z)+z^2(x+y)]\leq (x^2+y^2+z^2)(y+z+x+z+x+y)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2(y+z)+y^2(x+z)+z^2(x+y)\leq \frac{2(x^2+y^2+z^2)(x+y+z)}{3}\)

Theo hệ quả của BĐT Am-Gm thì: \((x+y+z)^2\leq 3(x^2+y^2+z^2)\Rightarrow x+y+z\leq \sqrt{3(x^2+y^2+z^2)}\)

\(\Rightarrow x^2(y+z)+y^2(x+z)+z^2(x+y)\leq \frac{2(x^2+y^2+z^2)\sqrt{3(x^2+y^2+z^2)}}{3}\) (2)

Từ (1),(2) suy ra \(P\geq \frac{3(x^2+y^2+z^2)^2}{2(x^2+y^2+z^2)\sqrt{3(x^2+y^2+z^2)}}=\frac{\sqrt{3(x^2+y^2+z^2)}}{2}\geq \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)

Ta có đpcm

Dáu bằng xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\sqrt{3}\)

Đặt \(x=\frac{1}{a};y=\frac{1}{b};z=\frac{1}{c}\)

Khi đó giả thiết được viết lại là \(x^2+y^2+z^2\ge1\)và ta cần chứng minh \(\frac{x^3}{y^2+z^2}+\frac{y^3}{z^2+x^2}+\frac{z^3}{x^2+y^2}\ge\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)(*)

Áp dụng BĐT Bunhiacopxki dạng phân thức, ta được:

\(VT_{\left(^∗\right)}=\frac{x^4}{x\left(y^2+z^2\right)}+\frac{y^4}{y\left(z^2+x^2\right)}+\frac{z^4}{z\left(x^2+y^2\right)}\)\(\ge\frac{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^2}{x\left(y^2+z^2\right)+y\left(z^2+x^2\right)+z\left(x^2+y^2\right)}\)

Đến đây ta đi chứng minh \(\frac{\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^2}{x\left(y^2+z^2\right)+y\left(z^2+x^2\right)+z\left(x^2+y^2\right)}\ge\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^2\)\(\ge\sqrt{3}\left[x\left(y^2+z^2\right)+y\left(z^2+x^2\right)+z\left(x^2+y^2\right)\right]\)

Ta có: \(x\left(y^2+z^2\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{2x^2\left(y^2+z^2\right)\left(y^2+z^2\right)}\)\(\le\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{\left(\frac{2x^2+y^2+z^2+y^2+z^2}{3}\right)^3}\)

\(=\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9}\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)

Tương tự ta có: \(y\left(z^2+x^2\right)\le\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9}\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)

\(z\left(x^2+y^2\right)\le\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9}\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)

Cộng theo vế của 3 BĐT trên, ta được: 

\(\text{∑}_{cyc}\left[x\left(y^2+z^2\right)\right]\le\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{3}\text{∑}_{cyc}\left[x\left(y^2+z^2\right)\right]\le2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)

Cuối cùng ta cần chứng minh được

\(2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\le2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2+z^2\ge1\)(đúng)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\Rightarrow a=b=c=\sqrt{3}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b+a+c\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4\left(a^2+ab+bc+ca\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{bc}+\dfrac{1}{ca}\right)\)

\(\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{2}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)\)

Tương tự và cộng lại:

\(P\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{4}{a^2}+\dfrac{4}{b^2}+\dfrac{4}{c^2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{16}.3=\dfrac{3}{16}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)

Áp dụng bđt: \(\dfrac{1}{x+y}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\left(1\right)\)

\(\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(a+c\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)^2\right]\)\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2}{\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)

Áp dụng: \(x^2+y^2+z^2\ge xy+yz+xz\left(2\right)\) với a+b=x,b+c=y,c+a=z

\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{4}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{4}{\left(c+a\right)^2}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)^2}\le4.16.\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2\)(do (1))

\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{1}{4}.16\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2\right]=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+\dfrac{2}{ab}+\dfrac{2}{bc}+\dfrac{2}{ca}\right)\le\dfrac{1}{4}.4.\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)=3\)(do(2) và \(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}=3\))

\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{3}{16}\)

\(ĐTXR\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)

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