3)

1.

Theo nguyên lý Dirichlet, trong 3 số a;b;c luôn có 2 số cùng phía so với \(\dfrac{2}{3}\), không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử đó là b và c

\(\Rightarrow\left(b-\dfrac{2}{3}\right)\left(c-\dfrac{2}{3}\right)\ge0\)

Mặt khác \(0\le a\le1\Rightarrow1-a\ge0\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(b-\dfrac{2}{3}\right)\left(c-\dfrac{2}{3}\right)\left(1-a\right)\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-abc\ge\dfrac{4a}{9}+\dfrac{2b}{3}+\dfrac{2c}{3}-\dfrac{2ab}{3}-\dfrac{2ac}{3}-bc-\dfrac{4}{9}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-abc\ge-\dfrac{2a}{9}+\dfrac{2}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{2ab}{3}-\dfrac{2ac}{3}-bc-\dfrac{4}{9}=-\dfrac{2a}{9}-\dfrac{2ab}{3}-\dfrac{2ac}{3}-bc+\dfrac{8}{9}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-2abc\ge-\dfrac{4a}{9}-\dfrac{4ab}{3}-\dfrac{4ac}{3}-2bc+\dfrac{16}{9}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca-2abc\ge-\dfrac{4a}{9}-\dfrac{ab}{3}-\dfrac{ac}{3}-bc+\dfrac{16}{9}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca-2abc\ge-\dfrac{4a}{9}-\dfrac{a}{3}\left(b+c\right)-bc+\dfrac{16}{9}\ge-\dfrac{4a}{9}-\dfrac{a}{3}\left(2-a\right)-\dfrac{\left(b+c\right)^2}{4}+\dfrac{16}{9}\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca-2abc\ge-\dfrac{4a}{9}+\dfrac{a^2}{3}-\dfrac{2a}{3}-\dfrac{\left(2-a\right)^2}{4}+\dfrac{16}{9}\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca-2abc\ge\dfrac{a^2}{12}-\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{7}{9}=\dfrac{1}{12}\left(a-\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2+\dfrac{20}{27}\ge\dfrac{20}{27}\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge2abc+\dfrac{20}{27}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{2}{3}\)

2.

Đặt \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(x+1;y+1;z+1\right)\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x;y;z\in\left[0;2\right]\\x+y+z=3\end{matrix}\right.\)

Ta có: \(P=\left(x+1\right)^3+\left(y+1\right)^3+\left(z+1\right)^3\)

\(P=x^3+y^3+z^3+3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)+12\)

Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử \(x\ge y\ge z\Rightarrow x\ge1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y^3+z^3=\left(y+z\right)^3-3yz\left(y+z\right)\le\left(y+z\right)^3\\y^2+z^2=\left(y+z\right)^2-2yz\le\left(y+z\right)^2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow P\le x^3+\left(3-x\right)^3+3x^2+3\left(3-x\right)^2+12\)

\(\Rightarrow P\le15x^2-45x+66=15\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)+36\le36\)

(Do \(1\le x\le2\Rightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\le0\))

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(x;y;z\right)=\left(2;1;0\right)\) và các hoán vị hay \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(1;2;3\right)\) và các hoán vị

ta có: a+b+c = abc

\(\Rightarrow\frac{a+b+c}{abc}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{ab}+\frac{1}{bc}+\frac{1}{ac}=1\)

Lại có: \(\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^2=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+2.\left(\frac{1}{ab}+\frac{1}{bc}+\frac{1}{ac}\right)\)

                     \(2^2=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+2.1\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}=2\)

Cho a+b+c=abc và 1/a+1/b+1/c=2.

CMR: 1/a^2 +1/b^2 +1/c^2 =2

.

2: Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{c+a}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}=\dfrac{a\left(a+b+c\right)}{b+c}+\dfrac{b\left(a+b+c\right)}{c+a}+\dfrac{c\left(a+b+c\right)}{a+b}-a-b-c=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\right)=a+b+c-a-b-c=0\)

1: Sửa đề: Cho \(x,y,z\ne0\) và \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{2}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}=\dfrac{2}{2x+y+2z}\).

CM:....

Đặt 2x = x', 2z = z'.

Ta có: \(\dfrac{2}{x'}+\dfrac{2}{y}+\dfrac{2}{z'}=\dfrac{2}{x'+y+z'}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{x'}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z'}=\dfrac{1}{x'+y+z'}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{x'}-\dfrac{1}{x'+y+z'}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z'}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{y+z'}{x'\left(x'+y+z'\right)}+\dfrac{y+z'}{yz'}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(y+z'\right)\left(yz'+x'^2+x'y+x'z'\right)}{x'yz'\left(x'+y+z'\right)}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(x'+y\right)\left(y+z'\right)\left(z'+x'\right)}{x'yz'\left(x'+y+z'\right)}=0\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+y\right)\left(y+2z\right)\left(2z+2x\right)=0\Leftrightarrow\left(2x+y\right)\left(y+2z\right)\left(z+x\right)=0\left(đpcm\right)\)

Ta có : \(\frac{a}{1+b^2}=a-\frac{ab^2}{1+b^2}\ge a-\frac{ab^2}{2b}=a-\frac{ab}{2}\)

Đánh giá tương tự , ta cũng có :

\(\frac{b}{1+c^2}\ge b-\frac{bc}{2},\frac{c}{1+a^2}\ge c-\frac{ab}{2}\)

Từ đó suy ra :

\(\frac{a}{1+b^2}+\frac{b}{1+c^2}+\frac{c}{1+a^2}\ge a+b+c-\frac{ab+bc+c}{2}=3-\frac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)

Mặt khác ,ta biết rằng \(ab+bc+ca\le\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}=3.\)Từ đây ,kết hợp với đánh giá ở trên ,ta có kết quả cần chứng minh.

\(Ta\)\(có\) \(\frac{a}{1+b^2}\ge a-\frac{ab^2}{1+b^2}\)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(a^2+b^2\ge2ab\)ta có

\(a-\frac{ab^2}{1+b^2}\ge a-\frac{ab^2}{2b}=a-\frac{ab}{2}\)

Chứng minh tương tụ với \(\frac{b}{1+c^2};\frac{c}{1+a^2}\)ta được

\(\frac{a}{1+b^2}+\frac{b}{1+c^2}+\frac{c}{1+a^2}\ge a+b+c-\frac{ab+bc+ac}{2}\) \(\left(1\right)\)

Mặt khác ta có :

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\)

\(Hay\)\(3^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\le3\)\(\left(2\right)\)
\(Từ\)\(\left(1\right)\)\(\left(2\right)\)\(\Rightarrow\)\(a+b+c-\frac{ab+bc+ac}{2}\)\(\ge3-\frac{3}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)\(\left(3\right)\)

\(Từ\)\(\left(1\right)\)\(\left(3\right)\)\(\Rightarrow\)\(\frac{a}{1+b^2}+\frac{b}{1+c^2}+\frac{c}{1+a^2}\ge\frac{3}{2}\)

                                                                                                       \(\left(đpcm\right)\)

Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:\(\frac{a}{1+b^2}=\frac{a\left(1+b^2\right)-ab^2}{1+b^2}=a-\frac{ab^2}{1+b^2}\ge a-\frac{ab^2}{2b}=a-\frac{ab}{2}\)

Tương tự \(\frac{b}{1+c^2}\ge b-\frac{bc}{2};\frac{c}{1+a^2}\ge c-\frac{ca}{2}\)

Kết hợp giả thiết và \(\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\le\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}\) ta có:

\(LHS\ge a+b+c-\frac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\ge a+b+c-\frac{\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Đẳng thức xảy ra khi a=b=c=1

Ta có \(VP=\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^2=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+\frac{2}{ab}+\frac{2}{bc}+\frac{2}{ac}\)\(\left(a,b,c\ne0\right)\)

\(=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+\frac{2a+2b+2c}{abc}\)

\(=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+\frac{2.\left(a+b+c\right)}{abc}\)\(=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}+0=\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}=VT\)

Vậy đẳng thức được chứng minh