a) Vì \(0<\alpha <\frac{\pi }{2} \) nên \(\sin \alpha  > 0\). Mặt khác, từ \({\sin ^2}\alpha  + {\cos ^2}\alpha  = 1\) suy ra

\(\sin \alpha  = \sqrt {1 - {{\cos }^2}a}  = \sqrt {1 - \frac{1}{{25}}}  = \frac{{2\sqrt 6 }}{5}\)

Do đó, \(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{\cos \alpha }} = \frac{{\frac{{2\sqrt 6 }}{5}}}{{\frac{1}{5}}} = 2\sqrt 6 \) và \(\cot \alpha  = \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{\sin \alpha }} = \frac{{\frac{1}{5}}}{{\frac{{2\sqrt 6 }}{5}}} = \frac{{\sqrt 6 }}{{12}}\)

b) Vì \(\frac{\pi }{2} < \alpha  < \pi\) nên \(\cos \alpha  < 0\). Mặt khác, từ \({\sin ^2}\alpha  + {\cos ^2}\alpha  = 1\) suy ra

       \(\cos \alpha  = \sqrt {1 - {{\sin }^2}a}  = \sqrt {1 - \frac{4}{9}}  = -\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}\)

Do đó, \(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{\cos \alpha }} = \frac{{\frac{2}{3}}}{{-\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}}} = -\frac{{2\sqrt 5 }}{5}\) và \(\cot \alpha  = \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{\sin \alpha }} = \frac{{-\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}}}{{\frac{2}{3}}} = -\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2}\)

c) Ta có: \(\cot \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }} = \frac{1}{{\sqrt 5 }}\)

Ta có: \({\tan ^2}\alpha  + 1 = \frac{1}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }} \Rightarrow {\cos ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{{{{\tan }^2}\alpha  + 1}} = \frac{1}{6} \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  =  \pm \frac{1}{{\sqrt 6 }}\)

Vì \(\pi  < \alpha  < \frac{{3\pi }}{2} \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  < 0\;\) và \(\,\,\cos \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  = -\frac{1}{{\sqrt 6 }}\)

Ta có: \(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{\cos \alpha }} \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  = \tan \alpha .\cos \alpha  = \sqrt 5 .(-\frac{1}{{\sqrt 6 }}) = -\sqrt {\frac{5}{6}} \)

d) Vì \(\cot \alpha  =  - \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}\;\,\) nên \(\,\,\tan \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\cot \alpha }} =  - \sqrt 2 \)

Ta có: \({\cot ^2}\alpha  + 1 = \frac{1}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} \Rightarrow {\sin ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{{{{\cot }^2}\alpha  + 1}} = \frac{2}{3} \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  =  \pm \sqrt {\frac{2}{3}} \)

Vì \(\frac{{3\pi }}{2} < \alpha  < 2\pi  \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  =  - \sqrt {\frac{2}{3}} \)

Ta có: \(\cot \alpha  = \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{\sin \alpha }} \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  = \cot \alpha .\sin \alpha  = \left( { - \frac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}} \right).\left( { - \sqrt {\frac{2}{3}} } \right) = \frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{3}\)

a)  Ta có \({\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\sin ^2}\alpha \,\,\, = \,1\)

mà \(\sin \alpha  = \frac{{\sqrt {15} }}{4}\) nên \({\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\left( {\frac{{\sqrt {15} }}{4}} \right)^2}\,\,\, = \,1 \Rightarrow {\cos ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{{16}}\)

Lại có \(\frac{\pi }{2} < \alpha  < \pi \) nên \(\cos \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  =  - \frac{1}{4}\)

Khi đó \(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{co{\mathop{\rm s}\nolimits} \alpha }} =  - \sqrt {15} ;\cot \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }} =  - \frac{1}{{\sqrt {15} }}\)

b)

Ta có \({\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\sin ^2}\alpha \,\,\, = \,1\)

mà \(\cos \alpha  =  - \frac{2}{3}\) nên \({\sin ^2}\alpha  + {\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^2}\,\,\, = \,1 \Rightarrow {\sin ^2}\alpha  = \frac{5}{9}\)

Lại có \( - \pi  < \alpha  < 0\) nên \(\sin \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  =  - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}\)

Khi đó \(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{co{\mathop{\rm s}\nolimits} \alpha }} = \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2};\cot \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }} = \frac{2}{{\sqrt 5 }}\)

c)

Ta có \(\tan \alpha  = 3\) nên

\(\cot \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }} = \frac{1}{3}\)

\(\frac{1}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }} = 1 + {\tan ^2}\alpha \,\,\, = \,1 + {3^2} = 10\,\, \Rightarrow {\cos ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{{10}}\)

Mà \({\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\sin ^2}\alpha \,\,\, = \,1 \Rightarrow {\sin ^2}\alpha  = \frac{9}{{10}}\)

Với \( - \pi  < \alpha  < 0\) thì \(\sin \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  =  - \sqrt {\frac{9}{{10}}} \)

Với \( - \pi  < \alpha  <  - \frac{\pi }{2}\) thì \(\cos \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  =  - \sqrt {\frac{1}{{10}}} \)

và  \( - \frac{\pi }{2} \le \alpha  < 0\) thì \(\cos \alpha  > 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  = \sqrt {\frac{1}{{10}}} \)

d)

Ta có \(\cot \alpha  =  - 2\) nên

\(\tan \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\cot \alpha }} =  - \frac{1}{2}\)

\(\frac{1}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} = 1 + co{{\mathop{\rm t}\nolimits} ^2}\alpha \,\,\, = \,1 + {( - 2)^2} = 5\,\, \Rightarrow {\sin ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{5}\)

Mà \({\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\sin ^2}\alpha \,\,\, = \,1 \Rightarrow {\cos ^2}\alpha  = \frac{4}{5}\)

Với \(0 < \alpha  < \pi \) thì \(\sin \alpha  > 0 \Rightarrow \sin \alpha  = \sqrt {\frac{1}{5}} \)

Với \(0 < \alpha  < \frac{\pi }{2}\) thì \(\cos \alpha  > 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  = \sqrt {\frac{4}{5}} \)

và  \(\frac{\pi }{2} \le \alpha  < \pi \) thì \(\cos \alpha  < 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  =  - \sqrt {\frac{4}{5}} \)

+) Nửa đường tròn đơn vị: nửa đường tròn tâm O, bán kính R = 1 nằm phía trên trục hoành (H.3.2).

+) Với mỗi góc \(\alpha ({0^o} \le \alpha  \le {180^o})\)có duy nhất điểm \(M({x_0};{y_0})\) trên nửa đường tròn đơn vị nói trên để \(\widehat {xOM} = \alpha .\) Khi đó:

\(\sin \alpha  = {y_0}\) là tung độ của M

\(\cos \alpha  = {x_0}\) là hoành độ của M

\(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{\cos \alpha }} = \frac{{{y_0}}}{{{x_0}}}(\alpha  \ne {90^o})\)

\(\cot \alpha  = \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{\sin \alpha }} = \frac{{{x_0}}}{{{y_0}}}(\alpha  \ne {0^o},\alpha  \ne {180^o})\)

\(a,sin^2\alpha+cos^2\alpha=1\\ \Rightarrow cos\alpha=\pm\sqrt{1-sin^2\alpha}=\pm\sqrt{1-\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\right)^2}=\pm\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{3}\)

Vì \(0< \alpha< \dfrac{\pi}{2}\Rightarrow cos\alpha=\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{3}\)

\(sin2\alpha=2sin\alpha cos\alpha=2\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{3}=\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\\ cos2\alpha=2cos^2\alpha-1=2\cdot\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{3}\right)^2-1=\dfrac{1}{3}\\ tan2\alpha=\dfrac{sin2\alpha}{cos2\alpha}=\dfrac{\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}}{\dfrac{1}{3}}=2\sqrt{2}\\ cot2\alpha=\dfrac{1}{tan2\alpha}=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\)

\(b,sin^2\dfrac{\alpha}{2}+cos^2\dfrac{\alpha}{2}=1\\ \Rightarrow cos\dfrac{\alpha}{2}=\pm\sqrt{1-sin^2\dfrac{\alpha}{2}}=\pm\sqrt{1-\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^2}=\pm\dfrac{\sqrt{7}}{4}\)

Vì \(\pi< \alpha< 2\pi\Rightarrow\dfrac{\pi}{2}< \dfrac{\alpha}{2}< \pi\Rightarrow cos\alpha=-\dfrac{\sqrt{7}}{4}\)

\(sin\alpha=2sin\dfrac{\alpha}{2}cos\dfrac{\alpha}{2}=2\cdot\dfrac{3}{4}\cdot\left(-\dfrac{\sqrt{7}}{4}\right)=-\dfrac{3\sqrt{7}}{8}\\ cos\alpha=2cos^2\dfrac{\alpha}{2}-1=2\cdot\left(-\dfrac{\sqrt{7}}{4}\right)^2-1=-\dfrac{1}{8}\\sin2\alpha=2sin\alpha cos\alpha=2\cdot\left(-\dfrac{3\sqrt{7}}{8}\right)\cdot\left(-\dfrac{1}{8}\right)=\dfrac{3\sqrt{7}}{32}\\ cos2\alpha=2cos^2\alpha-1=2\cdot\left(-\dfrac{1}{8}\right)^2-1=-\dfrac{31}{32}\\ tan2\alpha=\dfrac{sin2\alpha}{cos2\alpha}=\dfrac{\dfrac{3\sqrt{7}}{32}}{-\dfrac{31}{32}}=-\dfrac{3\sqrt{7}}{31}\\ cot2\alpha=\dfrac{1}{tan2\alpha}=\dfrac{1}{-\dfrac{3\sqrt{7}}{31}}=-\dfrac{31\sqrt{7}}{21}\)

\(P=\dfrac{2sin\alpha-3cos\alpha}{3sin\alpha+2cos\alpha}\\ =\dfrac{\dfrac{2sin\alpha}{cos\alpha}-\dfrac{3cos\alpha}{cos\alpha}}{\dfrac{3sin\alpha}{cos\alpha}+\dfrac{2cos\alpha}{cos\alpha}}\\ =\dfrac{2tan\alpha-3}{3tan\alpha+2}=\dfrac{2.3-3}{3.3+2}=\dfrac{3}{11}\)

Ta có: \(1 + {\tan ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }}\quad (\alpha  \ne {90^o})\)

\( \Rightarrow \frac{1}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }} = 1 + {3^2} = 10\)

\( \Leftrightarrow {\cos ^2}\alpha  = \frac{1}{{10}} \Leftrightarrow \cos \alpha  =  \pm \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\)

Vì \({0^o} < \alpha  < {180^o}\) nên \(\sin \alpha  > 0\).

Mà \(\tan \alpha  = 3 > 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  > 0 \Rightarrow \cos \alpha  = \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\)

Lại có: \(\sin \alpha  = \cos \alpha .\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}.3 = \frac{{3\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}.\)

\( \Rightarrow P = \dfrac{{2.\frac{{3\sqrt {10} }}{{10}} - 3.\frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}}}{{3.\frac{{3\sqrt {10} }}{{10}} + 2.\frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}}} = \dfrac{{\frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\left( {2.3 - 3} \right)}}{{\frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\left( {3.3 + 2} \right)}} = \dfrac{3}{{11}}.\)

Vì \(\pi  < \alpha  < \frac{{3\pi }}{2}\)nên \(\sin \alpha  > 0\). Mặc khác, từ  \({\sin ^2}\alpha  + {\cos ^2}\alpha  = 1\) suy ra

\(\sin \alpha  = \sqrt {1 - {{\cos }^2}\alpha }  = \sqrt {1 - \frac{4}{9}}  = \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}\)

Do đó    \(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{\cos \alpha }} = \frac{{\frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{3}}}{{ - \frac{2}{3}}} =  - \frac{{\sqrt 5 }}{2};\cot \alpha  = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }} = \frac{{ - 2}}{{\sqrt 5 }}\)

Lời giải:
\(M=\frac{\frac{\sin a}{\cos a}+1}{\frac{\sin a}{\cos a}-1}=\frac{\tan a+1}{\tan a-1}=\frac{\frac{3}{5}+1}{\frac{3}{5}-1}=-4\)

\(N = \frac{\frac{\sin a\cos a}{\cos ^2a}}{\frac{\sin ^2a-\cos ^2a}{\cos ^2a}}=\frac{\frac{\sin a}{\cos a}}{(\frac{\sin a}{\cos a})^2-1}=\frac{\tan a}{\tan ^2a-1}=\frac{\frac{3}{5}}{\frac{3^2}{5^2}-1}=\frac{-15}{16}\)

\(a,cos2\alpha=2cos^2\alpha-1=\dfrac{2}{5}\\ \Leftrightarrow cos^2\alpha=\dfrac{7}{10}\Rightarrow cos\alpha=\pm\dfrac{\sqrt{70}}{10}\)

Vì \(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}< \alpha< 0\Rightarrow cos\alpha=\dfrac{\sqrt{70}}{10}\)

Ta có: 

\(sin^2\alpha+cos^2\alpha=1\\ \Rightarrow sin^2\alpha=1-\dfrac{7}{10}=\dfrac{3}{10}\\ \Rightarrow sin\alpha=\pm\sqrt{30}10\)

Vì \(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}< \alpha< 0\Rightarrow sin\alpha=-\dfrac{\sqrt{30}}{10}\)

\(tan\alpha=\dfrac{sin\alpha}{cos\alpha}=\dfrac{-\dfrac{\sqrt{30}}{10}}{\dfrac{-\sqrt{70}}{10}}=-\dfrac{\sqrt{21}}{7}\\ cot\alpha=\dfrac{1}{tan\alpha}=\dfrac{1}{-\dfrac{\sqrt{21}}{7}}=-\dfrac{\sqrt{21}}{3}\)

\(b,sin^22\alpha+cos^22\alpha=1\\ \Rightarrow cos2\alpha=\sqrt{1-\left(-\dfrac{4}{9}\right)^2}=\pm\dfrac{\sqrt{65}}{9}\)

Vì \(\dfrac{\pi}{2}< \alpha< \dfrac{3\pi}{4}\Rightarrow\pi< 2\alpha< \dfrac{3\pi}{2}\Rightarrow cos2\alpha=-\dfrac{\sqrt{65}}{9}\)

\(cos2\alpha=2cos^2\alpha-1=-\dfrac{\sqrt{65}}{9}\\ \Rightarrow cos\alpha=\pm\sqrt{\dfrac{9-\sqrt{65}}{18}}\)

Vì \(\dfrac{\pi}{2}< \alpha< \dfrac{3\pi}{4}\Rightarrow cos\alpha=-\sqrt{\dfrac{9-\sqrt{65}}{18}}\)

\(sin^2\alpha+cos^2\alpha=1\\ \Rightarrow sin^2\alpha=\dfrac{9+\sqrt{65}}{18}\\ \Rightarrow sin\alpha=\pm\sqrt{\dfrac{9+\sqrt{65}}{18}}\)

Vì \(\dfrac{\pi}{2}< \alpha< \dfrac{3\pi}{4}\Rightarrow sin\alpha=\sqrt{\dfrac{9+\sqrt{65}}{18}}\)

\(tan\alpha=\dfrac{sin\alpha}{cos\alpha}=\dfrac{\sqrt{\dfrac{9+\sqrt{65}}{18}}}{-\sqrt{\dfrac{9-\sqrt{65}}{18}}}\approx-4,266\\ cot\alpha=\dfrac{1}{tan\alpha}\approx-0,234\)