Ta có: \(\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right)\)

\( \Leftrightarrow 12\sqrt 2  = 3.8.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}\)

\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 45^\circ \)

Vậy góc giữa hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow a \) và \(\overrightarrow b \) là \(45^\circ \)

\(\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2=\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)
\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2+2\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}\)
\(=5^2+12^2+2.5.12.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)
\(=169+120cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)=13^2\)
Suy ra: \(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a};\overrightarrow{b}\right)=0\).
\(\overrightarrow{a}\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left(\overrightarrow{a}\right)^2+\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=5^2+5.12.0=25\).
Mặt khác \(\overrightarrow{a}\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)
\(=5.13.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\).
Vì vậy \(25=5.13.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\).
\(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\dfrac{5}{13}\).
Vậy góc giữa hai véc tơ \(\overrightarrow{a}\) và \(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\) là \(\alpha\) sao cho \(cos\alpha=\dfrac{5}{13}\).

\(cos\left(\alpha-\beta\right)=x_M\cdot x_N=cos\alpha\cdot cos\beta+sin\alpha\cdot sin\beta\\ cos\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=cos\left[\alpha-\left(-\beta\right)\right]=cos\alpha\cdot cos\left(-\beta\right)+sin\alpha\cdot sin\left(-\beta\right)=cos\alpha\cdot cos\beta-sin\alpha\cdot sin\beta\)

Tham khảo:

Dễ thấy: \(\overrightarrow u .\;\overrightarrow v \) cùng dấu với \(\cos \;\left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right)\) (do \(\left| {\overrightarrow u } \right|.\;\left| {\overrightarrow v } \right| > 0\)). Do đó:

+) \(\overrightarrow u .\;\overrightarrow v \;\; > 0\)  \( \Leftrightarrow \cos \;\left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right) > 0\) hay \({0^o} \le \left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right) < {90^o}\)

+) \(\overrightarrow u .\;\overrightarrow v \;\; < 0\) \( \Leftrightarrow \cos \;\left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right)\;\; < 0\) hay \({90^o} < \left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right) \le {180^o}\)

Vậy \(\overrightarrow u .\;\overrightarrow v \;\; > 0\)  nếu \({0^o} \le \left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right) < {90^o}\) và \(\overrightarrow u .\;\overrightarrow v \;\; < 0\) nếu \({90^o} < \left( {\overrightarrow u ,\;\overrightarrow v } \right) \le {180^o}.\)

Có \(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)\).
Vì vậy:
\(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}< 0\) khi \(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)< 0\) hay \(90^o< \left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)\le180^o\).
\(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}>0\) khi \(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)>0\) hay \(0^o\le\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)< 90^o\).
\(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=0\) khi \(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)=0\) hay \(\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)=90^o\).

Ta cho: \(\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| = 3;\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| = 4\) và \(\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  =  - 6\)

Ta có công thức:

\(\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 3.4.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right)\)

\(\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b  =  - 6 \Rightarrow 3.4.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) =  - 6 \Rightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) =  - \frac{1}{2}\)

\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 120^\circ \)

\(\overrightarrow{a}\) . \(\overrightarrow{b}\) = ( -3) . 2 + 1.2 = -4

\(\left| {\overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b } \right| = 0 \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a  + \overrightarrow b  = \overrightarrow 0  \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a  =  - \overrightarrow b \)

\(\overrightarrow a  =  - \overrightarrow b \) suy ra hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow a \) và \(\overrightarrow b \) là hai vecto đối nhau nên chúng cùng phương, ngược hướng và có độ dài bằng nhau.