- Thí nghiệm 1 : $n_{Mg} = \dfrac{15}{24} = 0,625(mol)$
$Mg + 2HCl \to MgCl_2 + H_2$

Theo PTHH : $n_{H_2} = n_{Mg} = 0,625(mol)$
$\Rightarrow m_{tăng} = m_{Mg} - m_{H_2} = 15 - 0,625.2 = 13,75(gam)$

- Thí nghiệm 2 : 

$Fe + H_2SO_4 \to FeSO_4 + H_2$

Theo PTHH : $n_{H_2} = n_{Fe} = \dfrac{a}{56}(mol)$

$m_{tăng} = a - \dfrac{a}{56}.2 = \dfrac{27a}{28}(gam)$

Mà cân ở vị trí cân bằng nên $13,75 = \dfrac{27a}{28} \Rightarrow a = 14,26(gam)$

a)

CaCO₃ + 2HCl --> CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

2Al + 3H₂SO₄ --> Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂

b)

- Xét cốc 1:

 \(n_{HCl}=\dfrac{100.14,6\%}{36,5}=0,4\left(mol\right)\)

\(n_{CaCO_3}=\dfrac{3}{100}=0,03\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH: CaCO₃ + 2HCl --> CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

              0,03-->0,06---->0,03--->0,03

=> \(V_{CO_2}=0,03.22,4=0,672\left(l\right)\)

c)

m_{cốc 1} = 3 + 100 - 0,03.44 = 101,68 (g) (1)

- Xét cốc 2:

\(n_{Al}=\dfrac{x}{27}\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH: 2Al + 3H₂SO₄ --> Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂

            \(\dfrac{x}{27}\)-->\(\dfrac{x}{18}\)---------->\(\dfrac{x}{54}\)------->\(\dfrac{x}{18}\)

=> m_{cốc 2} = \(x+100-\dfrac{x}{18}.2=\dfrac{8}{9}x+100\left(g\right)\) (2)

(1)(2) => x = 1,89 (g)

\(n_{H_2}=\dfrac{x}{18}=0,105\left(mol\right)\)

=> V^' = 0,105.22,4 = 2,352 (l)

d)

- Xét cốc 1

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m_{CaCl_2}=0,03.111=3,33\left(g\right)\\m_{HCl\left(dư\right)}=\left(0,4-0,06\right).36,5=12,41\left(g\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

=> \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}C\%_{CaCl_2}=\dfrac{3,33}{101,68}.100\%=3,275\%\\C\%_{HCldư}=\dfrac{12,41}{101,68}.100\%=12,205\%\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(a,m_{HCl}=\dfrac{100.7,3}{100}=7,3\left(g\right)\\ \rightarrow n_{HCl}=\dfrac{7,3}{36,5}=0,2\left(mol\right)\\ m_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{9,8.100}{100}=9,8\left(mol\right)\\ \rightarrow n_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{9,8}{98}=0,1\left(mol\right)\\ n_{CaCO_3}=\dfrac{3}{100}=0,03\left(mol\right)\\ n_{Al}=\dfrac{x}{27}\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH:

               \(CaCO_3+2HCl\rightarrow CaCl_2+CO_2\uparrow+H_2O\)

ban đầu     0,03        0,2

phản ứng  0,03        0,06

sau pư         0           0,14       0,03       0,03       0,03

                           \(2Al+3H_2SO_4\rightarrow Al_2\left(SO_4\right)_3+3H_2\) (*)

- TH₁: Al hết       \(\dfrac{x}{27}\)------------------------------------->\(\dfrac{x}{18}\)

- TH₂: Al dư                     0,1------------------------>0,1

\(b,V_{CO_2}=0,03.22,4=0,672\left(l\right)\)

\(c,m_{cốc\left(1\right)}=3+100-0,03.2=102,94\left(g\right)\)

TH₁: Al tan hết

\(m_{cốc\left(2\right)}=x+100-\dfrac{x}{18}.2=\dfrac{8x}{9}+100\left(g\right)\)

Do \(m_{cốc\left(1\right)}=m_{cốc\left(2\right)}\)

\(\rightarrow102,94=\dfrac{8x}{9}+100\\ \Leftrightarrow x=3,3075\left(g\right)\)

\(V_{H_2}=\dfrac{3,3075}{18}.22,4=4,116\left(l\right)\)

- TH₂: Al dư

\(m_{cốc\left(2\right)}=x+100-0,1.2=99,8+x\left(g\right)\)

\(\rightarrow102,94=99,8+x\\ \Leftrightarrow x=3,14\left(g\right)\)

\(V_{H_2}=0,1.22,4=2,24\left(l\right)\)

\(d,\left\{{}\begin{matrix}C\%_{CaCl_2}=\dfrac{0,03.111}{102,94}.100\%=3,23\%\\C\%_{HCl\left(dư\right)}=\dfrac{0,14.36,5}{102,94}.100\%=4,96\%\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(pthh:2Al+3H_2SO_4\rightarrow Al_2\left(SO_4\right)_3+3H_2\\ 2HCl+CaCO_3\rightarrow CaCl_2+CO_2+H_2O\) 
\(m_{HCl}=\dfrac{100.7,3}{100}=7,3\left(g\right)\\ n_{HCl}=\dfrac{7,3}{36,5}=0,2\left(mol\right)\)
\(n_{CO_2}=\dfrac{1}{2}n_{HCl}=0,1\left(mol\right)\\ V_{CO_2}=0,1.22,4=2,24\left(l\right)\) 
\(m_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{100.9,8}{100}=9,8\left(g\right)\\ n_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{9,8}{98}=0,1\left(mol\right)\\ n_{Al}=\dfrac{2}{3}n_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{1}{15}\left(mol\right)\\ m_{Al}=\dfrac{1}{15}.27=1,8\left(g\right)\\ n_{H_2}=n_{H_2SO_4}=0,1\left(mol\right)\\ V_{H_2}=0,1.22,4=2,24\left(l\right)\) 
\(pthh:2HCl+CaCO_3\rightarrow H_2O+CaCl_2+CO_2\) 
          0,2        0,1             0,1         0,1          0,1 
\(m_{dd}=100+\left(100.0,1\right)-\left(0,1.18\right)-\left(0,1.44\right)=103,8\left(g\right)\\ C\%_{CaCl_2}=\dfrac{0,1.111}{103,8}.100\%=10,7\%\)

- Xét cốc A

\(n_{Zn}=\dfrac{26}{65}=0,4\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH: Zn + 2HCl --> ZnCl₂ + H₂

           0,4-------------------->0,4

=> \(m_{tăng}=26-0,4.2=25,2\left(g\right)\) (1)

- Xét cốc B

\(n_{Al}=\dfrac{m}{27}\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH: 2Al + 3H₂SO₄ --> Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂

            \(\dfrac{m}{27}\)--------------------------->\(\dfrac{m}{18}\)

=> \(m_{tăng}=m-\dfrac{m}{18}.2=\dfrac{8}{9}m\left(g\right)\) (2)

(1)(2) => \(\dfrac{8}{9}m=25,2\)

=> m = 28,35 (g)

nMg=3,6/24=0,15 mol   ;   nAl=5,4/27=0,2 mol

1) Mg + 2HCl --> MgCl2 + H2           (1)

    0,15                  0,15      0,15    mol

2Al+ 3H2SO4 --> Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2             (2)

 0,2                            0,1           0,3           mol

b)(1) => vH2=0,15x22,4=3,36 l

(2) => V H2= 0,3x22,4=6,72 l

=> VH2(2) > VH2(1)

c) đặt dd HCl là A => dd H2SO4 = A 

(1) => m dd sau = 0,15*24 + A -0,15 *2 =3,3 + A

(2) => m dd sau= 0,2*27 + A - 0,2 *2=4,8+A

=> cần thêm nước vào cốc thứ nhất và thêm số gam là

4,8 + A - (3,3 + A) = 1,5 g nước