a.

$S=1+2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2017}$
$2S=2+2^2+2^3+2^4+...+2^{2018}$

$\Rightarrow 2S-S=(2+2^2+2^3+2^4+...+2^{2018}) - (1+2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2017})$

$\Rightarrow S=2^{2018}-1$

b.

$S=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{2017}$
$3S=3^2+3^3+3^4+...+3^{2018}$

$\Rightarrow 3S-S=(3^2+3^3+3^4+...+3^{2018})-(3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{2017})$

$\Rightarrow 2S=3^{2018}-3$
$\Rightarrow S=\frac{3^{2018}-3}{2}$
 

Câu c, d bạn làm tương tự a,b. 

c. Nhân S với 4. Kết quả: $S=\frac{4^{2018}-4}{3}$

d. Nhân S với 5. Kết quả: $S=\frac{5^{2018}-5}{4}$

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\(B=\left(1-\frac{1}{4}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{9}\right)...\left(1-\frac{1}{81}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{100}\right)\)

\(B=\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{8}{9}\cdot...\cdot\frac{80}{81}\cdot\frac{99}{100}\)

\(B=\frac{1.3}{2.2}\cdot\frac{2.4}{3.3}\cdot...\cdot\frac{8.10}{9.9}\cdot\frac{9.11}{10.10}\)

\(B=\frac{\left(1\cdot2\cdot...\cdot8\cdot9\right).\left(3\cdot4\cdot...\cdot10\cdot11\right)}{\left(2\cdot3\cdot..\cdot9\cdot10\right).\left(2\cdot3\cdot...\cdot9\cdot10\right)}\)

\(B=\frac{1\cdot2\cdot...\cdot8\cdot9}{2\cdot3\cdot...\cdot9\cdot10}\cdot\frac{3\cdot4\cdot...\cdot10\cdot11}{2\cdot3\cdot...\cdot9\cdot10}\)

\(B=\frac{1}{10}\cdot\frac{11}{2}=\frac{11}{20}\)

Vì 20 < 21 nên 11/20 > 11/21

Vậy ..... 

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\(A=\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{3}\right)...\left(1-\frac{1}{19}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{20}\right)\)

\(A=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{2}{3}\cdot...\cdot\frac{18}{19}\cdot\frac{19}{20}\)

\(A=\frac{1}{20}\)

Vì 20 < 21 nên 1/20 > 1/21 

Vậy ............

\(A=\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2009.2009}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}=1-\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3}=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{4.4}< \dfrac{1}{3.4}=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}\)

...

\(\dfrac{1}{2009.2009}< \dfrac{1}{2008.2009}=\dfrac{1}{2008}-\dfrac{1}{2009}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2009.2009}< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...\dfrac{1}{2008}-\dfrac{1}{2009}=1-\dfrac{1}{2009}< 1\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2009.2009}< 1\)

Ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{2\times2}+\dfrac{1}{3\times3}+\dfrac{1}{4\times4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2009\times2009}< \dfrac{1}{1\times2}+\dfrac{1}{2\times3}+\dfrac{1}{3\times4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2008\times2009}\\ =1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2008}-\dfrac{1}{2009}=1-\dfrac{1}{2009}< 1\)

a,\(A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{1}{5^3}+...+\frac{1}{5^{100}}\)

\(=>5A=1+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)

\(=>5A-A=1-\frac{1}{5^{100}}=>A=\frac{1-\frac{1}{5^{100}}}{4}\)

b, Ta có \(1-\frac{1}{5^{100}}< 1=>\frac{1-\frac{1}{5^{100}}}{4}< \frac{1}{4}\)hay \(A< \frac{1}{4}\)

Lời giải:

a) Xét hiệu \(\frac{a+n}{b+n}-\frac{a}{b}=\frac{(a+n).b-a(b+n)}{b(b+n)}=\frac{n(b-a)}{b(b+n)}\)

Nếu $b>a$ thì $\frac{a+n}{b+n}-\frac{a}{b}>0\Rightarrow \frac{a+n}{b+n}>\frac{a}{b}$

Nếu $b<a$ thì $\frac{a+n}{b+n}-\frac{a}{b}<0\Rightarrow \frac{a+n}{b+n}<\frac{a}{b}$

Nếu $b=a$ thì $\frac{a+n}{b+n}-\frac{a}{b}=0\Rightarrow \frac{a+n}{b+n}=\frac{a}{b}$

b) Rõ ràng $10^{11}-1< 10^{12}-1$. 

Đặt $10^{11}-1=a; 10^{12}-1=b; 11=n$ thì: $a< b$; $A=\frac{a}{b}$ và $B=\frac{10^{11}+10}{10^{12}+10}=\frac{a+n}{b+n}$

Áp dụng kết quả phần a:

$b>a\Rightarrow \frac{a+n}{b+n}>\frac{a}{b}$ hay $B>A$

\(\frac{1}{2.2}< \frac{1}{1.2}\)

\(\frac{1}{3.3}< \frac{1}{2.3}\)

......

\(\frac{1}{100.100}< \frac{1}{99.100}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2.2}+\frac{1}{3.3}+...+\frac{1}{100.100}< \frac{1}{1.2}+..+\frac{1}{99.100}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2.2}+..+\frac{1}{100.100}< 1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}...+\frac{1}{99}-\frac{1}{100}\)

\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2.2}+..+\frac{1}{100.100}< 1-\frac{1}{100}< 1\).Suy ra điều phải chứng minh. câu b tương tự. bấm đúng cho mình nha