Write a list of all the actions you did today?
- Which ones do you consider rude?
- Which ones do you consider polite?
Exercise 4. USE IT! Work in pairs. Do you know the names of any animals in danger? Do you think which ones are ugly and which ones are beautiful?
(Thực hành! Làm việc theo cặp. Em có biết tên của các động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng không? Em nghĩ động vật nào xấu xí và động vật nào xinh đẹp?)
Some endangered animals I know are panda, Sunda tiger, Amur leopard, black rhino, Cross River gorilla, Hawksbill turtle, orangutan, saola, Sumatran elephant. I think all of them are beautiful and cute, none of them are ugly.
(Một số loài động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng mà tôi biết là gấu trúc, hổ Sunda, báo Amur, tê giác đen, khỉ đột sông Cross, rùa đồi mồi, đười ươi, sao la, voi Sumatra. Tôi nghĩ tất cả chúng đều đẹp và dễ thương, không có con nào xấu cả.)
Read the task below. Then listen to two students doing the task. Which activities do they consider? Which one do they agree on?
You and a friend are planning a day out doing an adventure activity. Discuss with your friend what you are going to do. Give reasons for your opinions. Agree on an activity.
Lời giải:
They consider kayaking, surfing, parkour, karting and hiking.
(Họ xem xét chèo thuyền kayak, lướt sóng, trò chơi parkour, đua xe kart và đi bộ đường dài.)
They agree on karting.
(Họ đồng ý đua xe kart.)
Bài nghe:
A: So, we’re going to do an adventure activity on our day out. What do you think we should do?
B: Well, I’m quite keen on kayaking.
A: Really? I’d rather go surfing than kayaking.
B: The problem with surfing is that the sea is too cold at this time of year.
A: Yes, I suppose you’re right. What about parkour?
B: Sorry, but I don’t really fancy parkour.
A: Why not?
B: Well, don’t you think it would be dangerous? I’ve never done it before. I’m sure I’d injure myself.
A: OK. How about karting? I like the idea of that.
B: Yes, I think karting would be fun. But it’s quite expensive, isn’t it? Hiking is another option.
A: Hiking would certainly be cheaper, but less fun in my opinion. OK, I think we need to make a decision. There’s a good karting circuit near the shopping centre. I don’t think it’s very expensive. So, overall I think karting would be better. B OK. That’s settled then. Let’s go karting.
Tạm dịch:
A: Cho nên chúng ta sẽ thực hiện một hoạt động phiêu lưu vào ngày đi chơi. Bạn nghĩ gì chúng ta nên làm gì?
B: Chà, tôi khá thích chèo thuyền kayak.
A: Thật sao? Tôi thích đi lướt sóng hơn chèo thuyền kayak.
B: Vấn đề củaviệc lướt sóng là biển quá lạnh vào thời điểm này trong năm.
A: Ừ nhỉ, bạn nói đúng. Parkour thì sao?
B: Xin lỗi, nhưng tôi không thực sự thích parkour.
A: Sao thế?
B: Ừm, bạn có nghĩ là nó nguy hiểm không? Tôi chưa bao giờ chơi nó trước đây. Chắc tôi sẽ tự làm mình bị thương mất.
A: Được. Đua xe karting thì sao? Tôi thích ý tưởng đó.
B: Ừ, tôi nghĩ đua xe karting sẽ rất vui đấy. Nhưng nó khá đắt, phải không? Đi bộ đường dài là cũng là một lựa chọn.
A: Đi bộ đường dài chắc chắn sẽ rẻ hơn, nhưng theo tôi thì ít thú vị hơn. OK, tôi nghĩ chúng ta cần đưa ra quyết định. Có một chỗ đua xe kart tốt gần trung tâm mua sắm. Tôi không nghĩ nó quá đắt đâu. Vậy nên nói chung là tôi nghĩ rằng karting sẽ tốt hơn.
B: Được rồi. Quyết định vậy đi. Hãy cùng đưa xe kart.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Choosing a career may not be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel? Do you want to work with children? Are you more suited to solitary or cooperative work?” There are no right or wrong answers; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupation – building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent – that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields is concentrated in certain regions. For example aerospace job in the U.S are most plentiful in California, Texas, and Washington. Advertising jobs can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law, education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country.
Consider your financial goals. If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations: The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plumber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors. Another point to consider is that as you get mature, you will likely to develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one.
Which of the following best serves as the title for the passage?
A. Choosing a career
B. Making the right decision.
C. Start-up
D. Careers in business
Chọn A.
Đáp án A.
Xuyên suốt bài đọc nói về việc lựa chọn nghề.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Choosing a career may not be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel? Do you want to work with children? Are you more suited to solitary or cooperative work?” There are no right or wrong answers; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupation – building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent – that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields is concentrated in certain regions. For example aerospace job in the U.S are most plentiful in California, Texas, and Washington. Advertising jobs can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law, education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country.
Consider your financial goals. If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations: The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plumber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors. Another point to consider is that as you get mature, you will likely to develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one.
According to the passage, which of the following is true ?
A. If you want an easy and glamorous lifestyle, you should consider becoming flight attendant.
B. If you want to make a lot of money, you should not take a job with a low starting salary.
C. If you want to make a lot of money, you should rule out all factory jobs.
D. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate.
Chọn D.
Đáp án D.
Dịch câu hỏi: Theo đoạn văn, điều nào sau đây là đúng?
A. Nếu bạn muốn có một lối sống dễ dàng và quyến rũ, bạn nên cân nhắc trở thành tiếp viên hàng không. (Sai. có glamorous nhưng không easy. “The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps”. )
B. Nếu bạn muốn kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn không nên làm một công việc với mức lương khởi điểm thấp. (Sai. Có thể tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn 4)
C. Nếu bạn muốn kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn nên loại trừ tất cả các công việc nhà máy. (Sai. Có thể tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn 5)
D. Quan điểm ban đầu của bạn về một số ngành nghề có thể không chính xác. (Đúng. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. ==> Hãy nhớ rằng nhiều công việc không phải là những gì ban đầu của chúng, và có thể có thành tích hoặc có thể đáng chê, điều này rất không rõ ràng.)
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Choosing a career may be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View a career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel? Do you want to work with children? Are you more suited to solitary or cooperative work?” There are no right or wrong answers; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupation – building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent – that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields is concentrated in certain regions. Advertising job can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country. If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting wages. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations. The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plumber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors.
Another point to consider is that as you mature, you will likely develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one.
According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A.If you want an easy and glamorous lifestyle, you should consider becoming flight attendant
B. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate
C. To make lots of money, you should rule out all factory jobs
D. To make a lot of money, you should not take a job with a low starting salary
Đáp án B
Theo như bài đọc, điều nào sau đây là đúng?
A. Nếu bạn muốn một cuộc sống xa hoa, bạn nên làm tiếp viên hàng không.
B. Cái nhìn ban đầu của bạn về một nghề nghiệp có thể không chính xác.
C. Để kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn phải loại hết các nghề công xưởng.
D. Để kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn không nên chọn một nghề với mức lương khởi điểm thấp.
Tác giả có nói: “many jobs are not what they appear to be at first” (nhiều nghề không hẳn giống với những gì chúng thể hiện ban đầu)
Cũng đồng nghĩa rằng cái nhìn ban đầu của chúng ta về một nghề nghiệp, công việc nào đó có thể không chính xác.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 37.
Choosing a career may be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View a career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel? Do you want to work with children? Are you more suited to solitary or cooperative work?” There are no right or wrong answers; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupation - building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent - that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields in concentrated in certain regions. Advertising job can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country.
If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting wages. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations. The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plmnber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors. Another point to consider is that as you mature, you will likely develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one.
According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. To make a lot of money, you should not take a job with a low starting salary.
B. To make lots of money, you should rule out all factory jobs.
C. If you want an easy and glamorous lifestyle, you should consider becoming flight attendant
D. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate.
Đáp án D.
Thông tin nằm ở: “Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first”
Dịch nghĩa: Theo bài văn, câu nào sau đây là đúng?
A. Để làm được nhiều tiền, bạn không nên nhận việc với mức lương khởi đầu thấp.
B. Để làm được nhiều tiền, bạn nên loại bỏ tất cả công việc nhà máy.
C. Nếu bạn muốn một cách sống dễ dàng và quyến rũ, bạn nên cân nhắc trở thành tiếp viên hàng không.
D. Góc nhìn đầu tiên của bạn về một số công việc có thể không chính xác.
Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, c or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 56 to 65.
Choosing a career may be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View a career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel ? Do you want to work with children ? Are you more suited to solitary or cooperative work ?” There are no right or wrong answers ; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupation - building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent - that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields is concentrated in certain regions. Advertising job can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country. If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting wages. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations. The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plumber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that Eire less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors. Another point to consider is that as you get mature, you will likely to develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one.
According to the passage, which of the following is true ?
A. To make a lot of money, you should not take a job with a low starting salary
B. To make lots of money, you should rule out all factory jobs
C. If you want an easy and glamorous lifestyle, you should consider becoming flight attendant
D. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate.
Đáp án là D. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate. ( cái nhìn ban đầu của bạn về
một số nghề nghiệp tưởng chừng chắc chắn có thể không chính xác. )
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Choosing a career may be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View a career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel? Do you want to work with children? Are you more suited to solitary or cooperative work?” There are no right or wrong answers; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupation – building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent – that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields in concentrated in certain regions. Advertising job can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country.
If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting wages. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations. The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plumber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors.
Another point to consider is that as you mature, you will likely develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one.
According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. To make a lot of money, you should not take a job with a low starting salary.
B. To make lots of money, you should rule out all factory jobs
C. If you want an easy and glamorous lifestyle, you should consider becoming flight attendant.
D. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate.
Đáp án D
Theo đoạn văn, câu nào sau đây đúng là ĐÚNG?
A. Để kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn không nên chọn một công việc với mức lương khởi điểm thấp.
B. Để kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn nên loại trừ tất cả các công việc ở nhà máy.
C. Nếu bạn muốn có một lối sống dễ dàng và hấp dẫn, bạn nên xem xét việc trở thành tiếp viên hàng không.
D. Quan điểm ban đầu của bạn về nghề nghiệp nào đó có thể không chính xác.
Thông tin ở các câu: “If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting wages. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.” (Nếu mức lương cao quan trọng đối với bạn, đừng đánh giá công việc bằng mức lương bắt đầu. Nhiều công việc, chẳng hạn như ngành bán bảo hiểm, có mức lương khởi điểm tương đối thấp; tuy nhiên, tiền được trả sẽ tăng đáng kể cùng với kinh nghiệm của bạn, đào tạo bổ sung, khuyến mãi và hoa hồng.)
=> Khi nhận 1 công việc với mức lương khởi điểm thấp, bạn vẫn có thể được tăng lương và kiếm được nhiều tiền trong tương lai. => Đáp án A sai “Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps,...” (Tiếp viên hàng không phải làm việc kéo dài, mệt mỏi với nhiều giờ lao động không ngủ,...” => Công việc của tiếp viên không hề dễ dàng => Đáp án C sai
“Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first...” (Hãy nhớ rằng nhiều công việc không giống như những gì chúng thể hiện là lúc đầu...) => Qua điểm đầu tiên về một công việc nào đó của bạn có thể không chính xác. => Đáp án D đúng.
Đáp án B không được nhắc đến trong bài
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43-50.
Choosing a career may be one of the hardest jobs you ever have, and it must be done with care. View a career as an opportunity to do something you love, not simply as a way to earn a living. Investing the time and effort to thoroughly explore your options can mean the difference between finding a stimulating and rewarding career and move from job to unsatisfying job in an attempt to find the right one. Work influences virtually every aspect of your life, from your choice of friends to where you live. Here are just a few of the factors to consider.
Deciding what matters most to you is essential to making the right decision. You may want to begin by assessing your likes, dislikes, strengths, and weaknesses. Think about the classes, hobbies, and surroundings that you find most appealing. Ask yourself questions, such as “Would you like to travel? Do you want to work with children? Are you more suited to solitary or co-operative work?” There are no right or wrong answers; only you know what is important to you. Determine which job features you require, which ones you would prefer, and which ones you cannot accept. Then rank them in order of importance to you.
The setting of the job is one factor to take into account. You may not want to sit at a desk all day. If not, there are diversity occupations – building inspector, supervisor, real estate agent – that involve a great deal of time away from the office. Geographical location may be a concern, and employment in some fields is concentrated in certain regions. Advertising job can generally be found only in large cities. On the other hand, many industries such as hospitality, law education, and retail sales are found in all regions of the country. If a high salary is important to you, do not judge a career by its starting wages. Many jobs, such as insurance sales, offers relatively low starting salaries; however, pay substantially increases along with your experience, additional training, promotions and commission.
Don’t rule out any occupation without learning more about it. Some industries evoke positive or negative associations. The traveling life of a flight attendant appears glamorous, while that of a plumber does not. Remember that many jobs are not what they appear to be at first, and may have merits or demerits that are less obvious. Flight attendants must work long, grueling hours without sleeps, whereas plumbers can be as highly paid as some doctors. Another point to consider is that as you get mature, you will likely to develop new interests and skills that may point the way to new opportunities. The choice you make today need not be your final one
According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. To make a lot of money, you should not take a job with a low starting salary.
B. To make lots of money, you should rule out all factory jobs.
C. If you want an easy and glamorous lifestyle, you should consider becoming flight attendant.
D. Your initial view of certain careers may not be accurate.
Đáp án D
Theo đoạn văn, điều nào sau đây là đúng?
A. Để kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn không nên làm một công việc với mức lương khởi điểm thấp.
B. Để kiếm được nhiều tiền, bạn nên loại trừ tất cả các công việc nhà máy.
C. Nếu bạn muốn có một lối sống dễ dàng và quyến rũ, bạn nên xem xét trở thành tiếp viên hàng không.
D. Quan điểm ban đầu về sự nghiệp nhất định của bạn có thể không chính xác