Bài 12: 

Để N là số nguyên thì \(\sqrt{x}+3⋮\sqrt{x}+5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-2⋮\sqrt{x}+5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+5\in\left\{1;-1;2;-2\right\}\)(vô lý

Bài 11: 

Để M là số nguyên thì \(3\sqrt{x}+1⋮\sqrt{x}+3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+3\in\left\{1;-1;2;-2;4;-4;8;-8\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+3\in\left\{4;8\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x\in\left\{1;25\right\}\)

Để P nguyên thì \(2\sqrt{x}-3⋮\sqrt{x}+2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+2=7\)

hay x=25

Lời giải:
$M(2\sqrt{x}-3)=\sqrt{x}+2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x}(2M-1)=3M-2$

$\Leftrightarrow x=(\frac{3M-2}{2M-1})^2$

Vì $x$ nguyên nên $\frac{3M-2}{2M-1}$ nguyên 

$\Rightarrow 3M-2\vdots 2M-1$

$\Leftrightarrow 6M-4\vdots 2M-1$
$\Leftrightarrow 3(2M-1)-1\vdots 2M-1$
$\Leftrightarrow 1\vdots 2M-1$

$\Rightarrow 2M-1\in\left\{\pm 1\right\}$

$\Rightarrow M=0;1$

$\Leftrightarrow x=4; 1$ (đều tm)

Bài 2: 

Ta có: \(P=\dfrac{15\sqrt{x}-11}{x+2\sqrt{x}-3}-\dfrac{3\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}-1}-\dfrac{2\sqrt{x}+3}{\sqrt{x}+3}\)

\(=\dfrac{15\sqrt{x}-11-3x-9\sqrt{x}+2\sqrt{x}+6-2x+2\sqrt{x}-3\sqrt{x}+3}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{-5x+7\sqrt{x}-2}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{-5\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}+3}\)

Bài 8:

\(M=1+\frac{4}{\sqrt{x}+1}\)

Để $M$ nguyên thì $\frac{4}{\sqrt{x}+1}$ nguyên 

Đặt $\frac{4}{\sqrt{x}+1}=t$ với $t$ là số nguyên dương 

$\Rightarrow \sqrt{x}+1=\frac{4}{t}$

$\sqrt{x}=\frac{4}{t}-1=\frac{4-t}{t}\geq 0$

$\Rightarrow 4-t\geq 0\Rightarrow t\leq 4$

Mà $t$ nguyên dương suy ra $t=1;2;3;4$

Kéo theo $x=9; 1; \frac{1}{9}; 0$

Kết hợp đkxđ nên $x=0; \frac{1}{9};9$

Bài 9:

$P=1+\frac{5}{\sqrt{x}+2}$

Để $P$ nguyên thì $\frac{5}{\sqrt{x}+2}$ nguyên 

Đặt $\frac{5}{\sqrt{x}+2}=t$ với $t\in\mathbb{Z}^+$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x}+2=\frac{5}{t}$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x}=\frac{5-2t}{t}\geq 0$

Với $t>0\Rightarrow 5-2t\geq 0$

$\Leftrightarrow t\leq \frac{5}{2}$

Vì $t$ nguyên dương suy ra $t=1;2$

$\Rightarrow x=9; \frac{1}{4}$ (thỏa đkxđ)

Bài 8: 

Để M nguyên thì \(\sqrt{x}+5⋮\sqrt{x}+1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+1\inƯ\left(4\right)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}+1\in\left\{1;2;4\right\}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x}\in\left\{0;1;3\right\}\)

hay \(x\in\left\{0;1;9\right\}\)

\(1,\\ a,ĐK:\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x\ge0\\x+5\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow x\ge0\\ b,Sửa:B=\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)^2+\dfrac{24-2\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}-1}\\ B=4-2\sqrt{3}+\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}{\sqrt{2}-1}\\ B=4-2\sqrt{3}+2\sqrt{3}=4\\ 3,\\ =\left[1-\dfrac{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)}{1+\sqrt{x}}\right]\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-3+2-2\sqrt{x}}{\left(1-\sqrt{x}\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}-2\\ =\left(1-\sqrt{x}\right)\cdot\dfrac{-\sqrt{x}-1}{\left(1-\sqrt{x}\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}-2\\ =\dfrac{-\sqrt{x}-1}{\sqrt{x}-3}-2=\dfrac{-\sqrt{x}-1-2\sqrt{x}+6}{\sqrt{x}-3}=\dfrac{-3\sqrt{x}+5}{\sqrt{x}-3}\)

a: Ta có: \(P=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}-2}+\dfrac{2\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}+2}+\dfrac{5\sqrt{x}+2}{4-x}\)

\(=\dfrac{x+3\sqrt{x}+2+2x-4\sqrt{x}-5\sqrt{x}-2}{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{3x-6\sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+2\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{3\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}+2}\)

b: Để P=2 thì \(3\sqrt{x}=2\sqrt{x}+4\)

hay x=16

Bài 1:

a: \(\sqrt{27}+\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{48}-\sqrt{108}\)

\(=3\sqrt{3}+\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot4\sqrt{3}-6\sqrt{3}\)

\(=-3\sqrt{3}+2\sqrt{3}=-\sqrt{3}\)

b: \(\left(\sqrt{14}-\sqrt{10}\right)\cdot\sqrt{6+\sqrt{35}}\)

\(=\left(\sqrt{7}-\sqrt{5}\right)\cdot\sqrt{2}\cdot\sqrt{6+\sqrt{35}}\)

\(=\left(\sqrt{7}-\sqrt{5}\right)\cdot\sqrt{12+2\sqrt{35}}\)

\(=\left(\sqrt{7}-\sqrt{5}\right)\cdot\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{5}\right)^2}\)

\(=\left(\sqrt{7}-\sqrt{5}\right)\left(\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{5}\right)=7-5=2\)

c: \(\dfrac{\sqrt{15}+\sqrt{3}}{1+\sqrt{5}}-\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{3}-1}\)

\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{5}+1\right)}{\sqrt{5}+1}-\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{3}+1\right)}{3-1}\)

\(=\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{3}-1=-1\)

Bài 2:

a: ĐKXĐ: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x>=0\\x< >1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(A=\dfrac{x-5}{x+2\sqrt{x}-3}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+3}+\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{x}-1}\)

\(=\dfrac{x-5}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+3}+\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{x}-1}\)

\(=\dfrac{x-5+\sqrt{x}-1+2\sqrt{x}+6}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{x+3\sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x}+3\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}-1}\)

b: A=2

=>\(\sqrt{x}=2\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)\)

=>\(2\sqrt{x}-2=\sqrt{x}\)

=>\(\sqrt{x}=2\)

=>x=4(nhận)

c: Để A là số nguyên thì \(\sqrt{x}⋮\sqrt{x}-1\)

=>\(\sqrt{x}-1+1⋮\sqrt{x}-1\)

=>\(\sqrt{x}-1\inƯ\left(1\right)\)

=>\(\sqrt{x}-1\in\left\{1;-1\right\}\)

=>\(\sqrt{x}\in\left\{2;0\right\}\)

=>\(x\in\left\{4;0\right\}\)

a: Thay \(x=6-2\sqrt{5}\) vào A, ta được:

\(A=1-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-1}{\sqrt{5}-1+1}=1-\dfrac{\sqrt{5}-1}{\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{5}\)

b: Ta có: P=A:B

\(=\left(1-\dfrac{\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}+1}\right):\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-1}{\sqrt{x}-2}-\dfrac{\sqrt{x}+2}{\sqrt{x}-3}+\dfrac{5\sqrt{x}-10}{x-5\sqrt{x}+6}\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+1}:\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}+3-x+4+5\sqrt{x}-10}{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-3\right)}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+1}:\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}-2}\)

\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}+1}\)