3. + \(20A=\frac{21-1}{1\cdot21}+\frac{22-2}{2\cdot22}+...+\frac{100-80}{80\cdot100}\)

\(\Rightarrow20A=1-\frac{1}{21}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{22}+...+\frac{1}{80}-\frac{1}{100}\)

\(\Rightarrow20A=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{80}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{21}+\frac{1}{22}+...+\frac{1}{100}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{1}{20}\left[\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{20}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{81}+\frac{1}{82}+...+\frac{1}{100}\right)\right]\)

+ \(80B=\frac{81-1}{1\cdot81}+\frac{82-2}{2\cdot82}+...+\frac{100-2}{20\cdot100}\)

\(=1-\frac{1}{81}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{82}+...+\frac{1}{20}-\frac{1}{100}\)

\(=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{20}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{81}+\frac{1}{82}+...+\frac{1}{100}\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow B=\frac{1}{80}\left[\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{20}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{81}+\frac{1}{82}+...+\frac{1}{100}\right)\right]\)

Do đó : \(\frac{A}{B}=\frac{\frac{1}{20}}{\frac{1}{80}}=4\)

4. + \(A=\frac{3}{2}\cdot\frac{4}{3}\cdot\frac{5}{4}\cdot...\cdot\frac{100}{99}\)

\(=\frac{3\cdot4\cdot5\cdot...\cdot100}{2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot...\cdot99}=\frac{100}{2}=50\)

\(A=3-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{6}-\frac{1}{12}-\frac{1}{20}-\frac{1}{30}-\frac{1}{42}-\frac{1}{56}\)

\(A=3-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{12}+\frac{1}{20}+\frac{1}{30}+\frac{1}{42}+\frac{1}{56}\right)\)

\(A=3-\left(\frac{1}{1\cdot2}+\frac{1}{2\cdot3}+\frac{1}{3\cdot4}+\frac{1}{4\cdot5}+\frac{1}{5\cdot6}+\frac{1}{6\cdot7}+\frac{1}{7\cdot8}\right)\)

\(A=3-\left(1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{6}+\frac{1}{6}-\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{7}-\frac{1}{8}\right)\)

\(A=3-\left(1-\frac{1}{8}\right)\)

\(A=3-\frac{5}{8}\)

\(A=\frac{19}{8}\)

Ta có

\(\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)   và \(\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}-\frac{1}{n+2}\)  nên

\(A=\frac{1}{1\cdot2}+\frac{1}{2\cdot3}+...+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}+...+\frac{1}{2008\cdot2009}=1-\frac{1}{2009}=\frac{2008}{2009}\)

\(2B=\frac{2}{1\cdot2\cdot3}+\frac{2}{2\cdot3\cdot4}+...+\frac{2}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\frac{2}{2008\cdot2009\cdot2010}\)

\(=\frac{1}{1\cdot2}-\frac{1}{2009\cdot2010}=\frac{201944}{2009\cdot2010}\)

\(\Rightarrow B=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{201944}{2009\cdot2010}=\frac{1009522}{2009\cdot2010}\)

Do đó \(\frac{B}{A}=\frac{1009522}{2009\cdot2010}:\frac{2008}{2009}=\frac{1009522\cdot2009}{2008\cdot2009\cdot2010}=\frac{5047611}{2018040}\)

\(A=\frac{1}{2.32}+\frac{1}{3.33}+...+\frac{1}{1973.2003}\)

\(=\frac{1}{30}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{32}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{33}+...+\frac{1}{1973}-\frac{1}{2003}\right)\)

\(=\frac{1}{30}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{1973}-\frac{1}{32}-\frac{1}{33}-\frac{1}{2003}\right)\)

\(=\frac{1}{30}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{31}-\frac{1}{1974}-\frac{1}{1975}-...-\frac{1}{2003}\right)\)

\(B=\frac{1}{2.1974}+\frac{1}{3.1975}+...+\frac{1}{31.2003}\)

\(=\frac{1}{1972}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{1974}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{1975}+...+\frac{1}{31}-\frac{1}{2003}\right)\)

\(=\frac{1}{1972}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{31}-\frac{1}{1974}-\frac{1}{1975}-...-\frac{1}{2003}\right)\)

Vậy \(\frac{A}{B}=\frac{1972}{30}\)

bài 1) Đặt \(B=\frac{m-n}{p}+\frac{n-p}{m}+\frac{p-m}{n}\)

Ta có: \(A=B.\left(\frac{p}{m-n}+\frac{m}{n-p}+\frac{n}{p-m}\right)=B.\frac{p}{m-n}+B.\frac{m}{n-p}+B.\frac{n}{p-m}\)

\(B.\frac{p}{m-n}=\left(\frac{m-n}{p}+\frac{n-p}{m}+\frac{p-m}{n}\right).\frac{p}{m-n}=\frac{m-n}{p}.\frac{p}{m-n}+\frac{n-p}{m}.\frac{p}{m-n}+\frac{p-m}{n}.\frac{p}{m-n}\)

\(=1+\frac{n-p}{m}.\frac{p}{m-n}+\frac{p-m}{n}.\frac{p}{m-n}=1+\frac{p}{m-n}.\left(\frac{n-p}{m}+\frac{p-m}{n}\right)\)

\(=1+\frac{p}{m-n}.\left[\frac{\left(n-p\right).n}{mn}+\frac{\left(p-m\right).m}{mn}\right]=1+\frac{p}{m-n}.\frac{n^2-np+pm-m^2}{mn}\)

\(=1+\frac{p}{m-n}.\frac{\left(m-n\right).\left(p-m-n\right)}{mn}=1+\frac{p.\left(m-n\right).\left(p-m-n\right)}{\left(m-n\right).mn}=1+\frac{p.\left(p-m-n\right)}{mn}\)

\(=1+\frac{p^2-pm-pn}{mn}=1+\frac{p^2-p.\left(m+n\right)}{mn}\)

Vì m+n+p=0=>m+n=-p

\(=>B.\frac{p}{m-n}=1+\frac{p^2-p.\left(-p\right)}{mn}=1+\frac{2p^2}{mn}=1+\frac{2p^3}{mnp}\left(1\right)\)

\(B.\frac{m}{n-p}=\left(\frac{m-n}{p}+\frac{n-p}{m}+\frac{p-m}{n}\right).\frac{m}{n-p}=\frac{m-n}{p}.\frac{m}{n-p}+\frac{n-p}{m}.\frac{m}{n-p}+\frac{p-m}{n}.\frac{m}{n-p}\)

\(=1+\frac{m-n}{p}.\frac{m}{n-p}+\frac{p-m}{n}.\frac{m}{n-p}=1+\frac{m}{n-p}.\left(\frac{m-n}{p}+\frac{p-m}{n}\right)\)

\(=1+\frac{m}{n-p}.\left[\frac{\left(m-n\right).n}{np}+\frac{\left(p-m\right).p}{np}\right]=1+\frac{m}{n-p}.\frac{mn-n^2+p^2-mp}{np}\)

\(=1+\frac{m}{n-p}.\frac{\left(n-p\right).\left(m-n-p\right)}{np}=1+\frac{m.\left(n-p\right).\left(m-n-p\right)}{\left(n-p\right).np}=1+\frac{m.\left(m-n-p\right)}{np}\)

\(=1+\frac{m^2-mn-mp}{np}=1+\frac{m^2-m\left(n+p\right)}{np}=1+\frac{m^2-m.\left(-m\right)}{np}=1+\frac{2m^2}{np}=1+\frac{2m^3}{mnp}\left(2\right)\) (vì m+n+p=0=>n+p=-m)

\(B.\frac{n}{p-m}=\left(\frac{m-n}{p}+\frac{n-p}{m}+\frac{p-m}{n}\right).\frac{n}{p-m}=\frac{m-n}{p}.\frac{n}{p-m}+\frac{n-p}{m}.\frac{n}{p-m}+\frac{p-m}{n}.\frac{n}{p-m}\)

\(=1+\frac{m-n}{p}.\frac{n}{p-m}+\frac{n-p}{m}.\frac{n}{p-m}=1+\frac{n}{p-m}.\left(\frac{m-n}{p}+\frac{n-p}{m}\right)\)

\(=1+\frac{n}{p-m}.\left[\frac{\left(m-n\right).m}{pm}+\frac{\left(n-p\right).p}{pm}\right]=1+\frac{n}{p-m}.\frac{m^2-mn+np-p^2}{pm}\)

\(=1+\frac{n}{p-m}.\frac{\left(p-m\right).\left(n-p-m\right)}{pm}=1+\frac{n.\left(p-m\right).\left(n-p-m\right)}{\left(p-m\right).pm}=1+\frac{n.\left(n-p-m\right)}{pm}\)

\(=1+\frac{n^2-np-mn}{pm}=1+\frac{n^2-n\left(p+m\right)}{pm}=1+\frac{n^2-n.\left(-n\right)}{pm}=1+\frac{2n^2}{pm}=1+\frac{2n^3}{mnp}\left(3\right)\) (vì m+n+p=0=>p+m=-n)

Từ (1),(2),(3) suy ra :

\(A=B.\frac{p}{m-n}+B.\frac{m}{n-p}+B.\frac{n}{p-m}=\left(1+\frac{2p^3}{mnp}\right)+\left(1+\frac{2m^3}{mnp}\right)+\left(1+\frac{2n^3}{mnp}\right)\)

\(=3+\frac{2p^3}{mnp}+\frac{2m^3}{mnp}+\frac{2n^3}{mnp}=3+\frac{2.\left(m^3+n^3+p^3\right)}{mnp}\)

*Tới đây để tính được m³+n³+p³,ta cần CM được bài toán phụ sau:

Đề: Cho m+n+p=0.CMR: \(m^3+n^3+p^3=3mnp\)

Từ m+n+p=0=>m+n=-p

Ta có: \(m^3+n^3+p^3=\left(m+n\right)^3-3m^2n-3mn^2+p^3=-p^3-3mn\left(m+n\right)+p^3\)

\(=-3mn\left(m+n\right)=-3mn.\left(-p\right)=3mnp\)

Vậy ta đã CM được bài toán phụ

*Trở lại bài toán chính: \(A=3+\frac{2.3mnp}{mnp}=3+\frac{6mnp}{mnp}=3+6=9\)

Vậy A=9

bài 2)

a)Nhận thấy các thừa số của A đều có dạng tổng quát sau:

\(n^3+1=n^3+1^3=\left(n+1\right)\left(n^2-n+1\right)=\left(n+1\right).\left(n^2-n+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\right)\)

\(=\left(n+1\right).\left(n^2-2.n.\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\right)=\left(n+1\right).\left[\left(n-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\right]=\left(n+1\right).\left[\left(n-0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]\)

\(n^3-1=n^3-1^3=\left(n-1\right)\left(n^2+n+1\right)=\left(n-1\right).\left(n^2+n+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\right)\)

\(=\left(n-1\right).\left(n^2+2.n.\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\right)=\left(n-1\right).\left[\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\right]=\left(n-1\right).\left[\left(n+0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]\)

suy ra \(\frac{n^3+1}{n^3-1}=\frac{\left(n+1\right).\left[\left(n-0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}{\left(n-1\right).\left[\left(n+0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}\)

Do đó: \(\frac{2^3+1}{2^3-1}=\frac{\left(2+1\right).\left[\left(2-0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}{\left(2-1\right).\left[\left(2+0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}=\frac{3.\left(1,5^2+0,75\right)}{1.\left(2,5^2+0,75\right)}\)

\(\frac{3^3+1}{3^3-1}=\frac{\left(3+1\right).\left[\left(3-0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}{\left(3-1\right).\left[\left(3+0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}=\frac{4.\left(2,5^2+0,75\right)}{2.\left(3,5^2+0,75\right)}\)

...........................

\(\frac{10^3+1}{10^3-1}=\frac{\left(10+1\right).\left[\left(10-0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}{\left(10-1\right).\left[\left(10+0,5\right)^2+0,75\right]}=\frac{11.\left(9,5^2+0,75\right)}{9.\left(10,5^2+0,75\right)}\)

\(=>A=\frac{3\left(1,5^2+0,75\right).4\left(2,5^2+0,75\right)........11.\left(9,5^2+0,75\right)}{1\left(2,5^2+0,75\right).2.\left(3,5^2+0,75\right)........9\left(10,5^2+0,75\right)}=\frac{3.4........11}{1.2......9}.\frac{1,5^2+0,75}{10,5^2+0,75}\)

\(=\frac{10.11}{2}.\frac{1}{37}=\frac{2036}{37}\)

Vậy A=2036/37

b) có thể ở chỗ 1+1/4 bn nhầm,phải là \(1^4+\frac{1}{4}\) ,mà chắc cũng chẳng sao,vì 1⁴=1 mà

Nhận thấy các thừa số của B có dạng tổng quát:

\(n^4+\frac{1}{4}=n^4+n^2+\frac{1}{4}-n^2=\left(n^2\right)^2+2.n^2.\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}-n^2=\left(n^2+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2-n^2\)

\(=\left(n^2+\frac{1}{2}-n\right)\left(n^2+\frac{1}{2}+n\right)\)

\(B=\frac{\left(1^2+\frac{1}{2}-1\right).\left(1^2+\frac{1}{2}+1\right).\left(3^2+\frac{1}{2}+3\right).\left(3^2+\frac{1}{2}-3\right)..........\left(9^2+\frac{1}{2}-9\right).\left(9^2+\frac{1}{2}+9\right)}{\left(2^2+\frac{1}{2}-2\right).\left(2^2+\frac{1}{2}+2\right).\left(4^2+\frac{1}{2}-4\right).\left(4^2+\frac{1}{2}+4\right)......\left(10^2+\frac{1}{2}-10\right).\left(10^2+\frac{1}{2}+10\right)}\)

Mặt khác,ta cũng có: \(\left(a+1\right)^2-\left(a+1\right)+\frac{1}{2}=a^2+2a+1-a-1+\frac{1}{2}=a^2+a+\frac{1}{2}\)

Suy ra \(B=\frac{1^2+\frac{1}{2}-1}{10^2+\frac{1}{2}+10}=\frac{1}{221}\)

Vậy B=1/221

Ta có : \(A=\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{3}\right)...\left(1-\frac{1}{19}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{20}\right)\)

               \(=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{2}{3}....\frac{18}{19}.\frac{19}{20}\)

               \(=\frac{1.2....18.19}{2.3...19.20}\)

               \(=\frac{1}{20}>\frac{1}{21}\)

Vậy A > 1/21