Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
The word “them” in paragraph 3 refers to _____.
A. set of words
B. slang phrases
C. slang
D. slang expressions
Chọn B
Từ “them” trong đoạn 3 đề cập đến _____.
A. tạo ra từ
B. cụm từ tiếng lóng
C. tiếng lóng
D. cách diễn đạt tiếng lóng
Thông tin: In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.
Tạm dịch: Trong một số trường hợp, phần lớn mọi người không chấp nhận một số cụm từ tiếng lóng nhất định nhưng tuy nhiên vẫn giữ chúng trong ký ức chung của họ
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
The word “obscurity” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by _____.
A. disappearance
B. influence
C. qualification
D. tolerance
Chọn A
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Từ “obscurity” trong đoạn 3 có thể được thay thế tốt nhất bằng từ _____.
A. biến mất
B. ảnh hưởng
C. trình độ
D. khoan dung
Thông tin: Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.
Tạm dịch: Một số từ tiếng lóng cũng chuyển thành lời nói tiêu chuẩn, nhưng những từ tiếng lóng khác lại có tính phổ biến nhất thời, sau đó thì biến mất.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate themcorrect answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.
LEVELS OF VOCABULARY
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority.
Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing. Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
How is slang defined by the author?
A. Words and phrases accepted by the majority of formal usage.
B. Words or phrases understood by the majority but not found in standard dictionaries.
C. Words or phrases that are understood by a restricted group of speakers.
D. Words or phrases understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as formal usage.
Đáp án D
Words or phrases understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as formal usage.
Tiếng lóng được tác giả định nghĩa như thế nào
Thông tin nằm ở dòng 6 + 7 +8 đoạn 2: “Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.” Tiếng lóng là đề cập đến các từ và các diễn đạt được hiểu bởi nhiều người nói nhưng không được chấp nhập như là cách dùng chính thức phù hợp bởi hầu hết mọi người. Các diễn đạt thông tục và thậm chí từ long có thể được tìm thấy ở các từ điển chuẩn ngoại trừ được công nhận. Cả việc sử dụng lối nói thông tục và tiếng long đều phổ biến trong văn nói hơn là văn viết
Các phương án A. Các từ và cụm từ được chấp nhận bởi phần lớn cách dùng chính thống. B. Các từ và cụm từ được hiểu bởi hầu hết mọi người nhưng không tìm thấy trong các từ điển chuẩn. C. Các từ và cụm từ được hiểu bởi nhóm người nói giới hạn. D. Các từ và cụm từ được hiểu bởi nhiều người nói nhưng không được chấp nhận như là cách dùng chính thống.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
A. Standard speech
B. Idiomatic phrases
C. Different types of vocabulary
D. Dictionary usage
Chọn C
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Câu nào sau đây có thể là tiêu đề tốt nhất cho đoạn văn?
A. Nói chuẩn
B. Cụm từ đặc ngữ
C. Các loại từ ngữ khác nhau
D. Sử dụng từ điển
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
Which of the following is TRUE of standard usage?
A. It is limited to written language.
B. It is only understood by the upper classes.
C. It can be used in formal or informal settings.
D. It is constantly changing
Chọn C
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Điều nào sau đây là ĐÚNG của sử dụng tiêu chuẩn?
A. Nó bị giới hạn trong ngôn ngữ viết.
B. Nó chỉ được hiểu bởi tầng lớp trên.
C. Nó có thể được sử dụng trong các lời nói và văn bản trang trọng hoặc không trang trọng.
D. Nó liên tục thay đổi.
Thông tin: Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.
Tạm dịch: Sử dụng tiêu chuẩn bao gồm những từ và cách diễn đạt được hiểu, sử dụng và được chấp nhận bởi đa số người nói ngôn ngữ đó trong mọi tình huống bất kể mức độ trang trọng.
Dịch bài đọc:
Hầu hết các ngôn ngữ đều có một số cấp độ từ vựng có thể được sử dụng bởi cùng một người nói. Trong tiếng Anh, ít nhất ba cấp độ đã được xác định và mô tả.
Sử dụng tiêu chuẩn bao gồm những từ và cách diễn đạt được hiểu, sử dụng và được chấp nhận bởi đa số người nói ngôn ngữ đó trong mọi tình huống bất kể mức độ trang trọng. Vì thế, những từ và cách diễn đạt này được xác định rõ và được ghi trong từ điển chuẩn. Mặt khác, từ và cụm từ thông tục là những từ và cách diễn đạt quen thuộc được hầu hết tất cả những người nói ngôn ngữ đó hiểu và sử dụng trong lời nói hoặc văn bản không trang trọng, nhưng không chấp nhận được trong các tình huống trang trọng hơn. Hầu như tất cả các từ đặc ngữ đều là ngôn ngữ thông tục. Tiếng lóng là các từ và cách diễn đạt được một số lượng lớn người nói hiểu nhưng không được đa số họ chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức phù hợp. Ngôn từ thông tục và thậm chí cả tiếng lóng có thể được tìm thấy trong từ điển tiêu chuẩn nhưng sẽ bị đông nhất hóa. Cả cách sử dụng thông tục và tiếng lóng đều phổ biến trong ngôn ngữ nói hơn là viết.
Lời nói thông tục thường được chuyển thành lời nói tiêu chuẩn. Một số từ tiếng lóng cũng chuyển thành lời nói tiêu chuẩn, nhưng những từ tiếng lóng khác lại có tính phổ biến nhất thời, sau đó thì biến mất. Trong một số trường hợp, phần lớn mọi người không chấp nhận một số cụm từ tiếng lóng nhất định nhưng tuy nhiên vẫn giữ chúng trong ký ức chung của họ. Mọi thế hệ dường như đều đòi hỏi phải tự tạo ra các từ ngữ riêng để mô tả các đối tượng và sự kiện quen thuộc.
Một số nhà ngôn ngữ học đã chỉ ra rằng ba điều kiện văn hóa là cần thiết để tạo ra một tập lớn các cách diễn đạt tiếng lóng. Đầu tiên là giới thiệu và chấp nhận các đối tượng và tình huống mới trong xã hội; thứ hai là có dân số đa dạng với nhiều nhóm nhỏ; thứ ba là sự liên kết giữa các nhóm nhỏ và phần lớn dân số.
Cuối cùng, điều đáng chú ý là các thuật ngữ "tiêu chuẩn", "thông tục" và "tiếng lóng" chỉ là cái nhãn lý thuyết của các học giả nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ. Chỉ một số ít người nói bất kỳ ngôn ngữ nào mới nhận thức được rằng họ đang sử dụng cách diễn đạt thông tục hay tiếng lóng. Hầu hết những người nói tiếng Anh trong các tình huống thích hợp, sẽ lựa chọn và sử dụng ba cách diễn đạt này
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Most languages have several levels of vocabulary that may be used by the same speakers. In English, at least three have been identified and described.
Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than writing.
Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.
It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.
Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard”, “colloquial”, and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use three types of expressions.
How is slang defined by the author?
A. Words and phrases accepted by the majority of formal usage
B. Words or phrases understood by the majority but not found in standard dictionaries
C. Words or phrases that are understood by a restricted group of speakers
D. Words or phrases understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as formal usage
Chọn D
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Từ lóng được tác giả định nghĩa như thế nào?
A. Các từ và cụm từ được phần lớn mọi người chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức.
B. Các từ hoặc cụm từ được phần lớn mọi người hiểu nhưng không được tìm thấy trong từ điển chuẩn.
C. Các từ hoặc cụm từ được một nhóm người nói có giới hạn hiểu.
D. Các từ hoặc cụm từ được một số lượng lớn người nói hiểu nhưng không được chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức.
Thông tin: Slang, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority.
Tạm dịch: Tiếng lóng là các từ và cách diễn đạt được một số lượng lớn người nói hiểu nhưng không được đa số họ chấp nhận là cách sử dụng chính thức phù hợp
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 44.
Bird migration is one of the most interesting yet least understood natural phenomena. Every fall birds from northern latitudes fly in groups to the warmer southern latitudes and then return north in the spring. Scientists agree on the main reasons for migration: to follow the food supply and to avoid harsh climate conditions. For example, insects disappear during the cold months, prompting insect-dependent birds to fly south to warm areas where insects breed. No similar consensus has emerged, however, about how birds are able to navigate. Despite many recent experiments, bird experts still do not know how birds arrive at the same destinations every year and then find their way back home in the spring.
Some have suggested that birds find their way by following landmarks, such as rivers and mountain ranges. Experiments have confirmed that some species do follow such topographic features. But that method cannot explain how some birds travel at night. Other studies show that some nocturnal birds navigate by the stars. But that explanation cannot explain daytime migration or travel when the skies are cloudy.
The most popular explanation currently is that birds are guided by Earth’s magnetic poles. The mechanism by which that works has not yet been proved. One theory points to the fact that some birds’ contain magnetite, a naturally occurring magnetic compound consisting of iron oxide. Magnetite has been found in many animals, including birds. With magnets embedded in their brains, birds would be able to sense the magnetic fields of the North and South Poles.
A recent experiment with homing pigeons provided some evidence that magnetite does play a crucial role in migration. Homing pigeons are known to have the ability to return to their homes after being taken hundreds of miles away. Researchers found that they could train homing pigeons to recognize changes in a magnetic field. When a surrounding magnetic field was normal, the birds would gather at one end of a cage. But when the field’s polarity was altered, they hopped to the other end, suggesting that they were directing and responding to changes in the magnetic field.
Another theory has been offered to explain this sensitivity to magnetic poles, a theory that draws upon quantum mechanics, which is the study of how particles move inside an atom. It relies on the fact that electrons come in pairs that orbits the nucleus of an atom. The two electrons spin in opposite directions, creating two magnets that neutralize each other. But when molecules split and react with other molecules to form compounds, the electrons pairs may no longer spin in opposite directions. Instead, they may repel each other, as when two north ends of magnets are pressed together. The electrons struggle to change direction in order to achieve a stable state in which the two electrons again neutralize each other, giving off no magnetic field.
The word “altered” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. reversed
B. cancelled
C. strengthened
D. detected