Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Man’s brief life, it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the season growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester, it represents the climax of a long succession of events.

No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth’s surface has, at some time, been either too dry or too cool for plants to survive.

However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes, called a primary succession, occurs first to colonize the barren land and the lichen surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock’s surface, plants debris accumulate and mosses establish shallow root-holes. Ferns may allow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots broke even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination - closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years. Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivations. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coat of mammals.

For as long as it stands and strives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and the many elements essential for life.

Why do we tend to think the forest as permanent?

A. Because it is renewed each season.

B. Because it is an essential part of our life.

C. Because our lives are comparatively short. 

D. Because the trees are so tall.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Man’s brief life, it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the season growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester, it represents the climax of a long succession of events.

No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth’s surface has, at some time, been either too dry or too cool for plants to survive.

However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes, called a primary succession, occurs first to colonize the barren land and the lichen surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock’s surface, plants debris accumulate and mosses establish shallow root-holes. Ferns may allow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots broke even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination - closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years. Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivations. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coat of mammals.

For as long as it stands and strives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and the many elements essential for life.

Why is a “secondary succession” quicker?

A. The ground is more suitable.

B. There’s more space for fewer plants.

C. It is supported by the forest

D. Birds and animals bring new seeds.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Man’s brief life, it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the season growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester, it represents the climax of a long succession of events.

No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth’s surface has, at some time, been either too dry or too cool for plants to survive.

However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes, called a primary succession, occurs first to colonize the barren land and the lichen surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock’s surface, plants debris accumulate and mosses establish shallow root-holes. Ferns may allow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots broke even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination - closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years. Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivations. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coat of mammals.

For as long as it stands and strives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and the many elements essential for life.

In a “primary succession”, what makes it possible for mosses to take root?

A. The effect of lichens.

B. The amount of sunlight.

C. The amount of moisture.

D. The type of rock.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Man’s brief life, it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the season growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester, it represents the climax of a long succession of events.

No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth’s surface has, at some time, been either too dry or too cool for plants to survive.

However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes, called a primary succession, occurs first to colonize the barren land and the lichen surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock’s surface, plants debris accumulate and mosses establish shallow root-holes. Ferns may allow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots broke even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination - closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years. Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivations. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coat of mammals.

For as long as it stands and strives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and the many elements essential for life.

What has sometimes caused plants to die out in the past?

A. Variations in climate.

B. The introduction of new types of plants.

C. The absence of wooded land.

D. Interference from the foresters.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

The forest from which Man takes his timber is the tallest and most impressive plant community on Earth. In terms of Man’s brief life, it appears permanent and unchanging, save for the season growth and fall of the leaves, but to the forester, it represents the climax of a long succession of events.

No wooded landscape we see today has been forest for all time. Plants have minimum requirements of temperature and moisture and, in ages past, virtually every part of Earth’s surface has, at some time, been either too dry or too cool for plants to survive.

However, as soon as climatic conditions change in favor of plant life, a fascinating sequence of changes, called a primary succession, occurs first to colonize the barren land and the lichen surviving on bare rock. Slowly, the acids produced by these organisms crack the rock’s surface, plants debris accumulate and mosses establish shallow root-holes. Ferns may allow and, with short grasses and shrubs, gradually form a covering of plant life. Roots broke even deeper into the developing soil and eventually large shrubs give way to the first trees. These grow rapidly, cutting off sunlight from the smaller plants, and soon establish complete domination - closing their ranks and forming a climax community which may endure for thousands of years. Yet even this community is not everlasting. Fire may destroy it outright and settlers may cut it down to gain land for pasture or cultivations. If the land is then abandoned, a secondary succession will take over, developing much faster on the more hospitable soil. Shrubs and trees are among the early invaders, their seeds carried by the wind, by birds and lodged in the coat of mammals.

For as long as it stands and strives, the forest is a vast machine storing energy and the many elements essential for life.

What conditions are needed for shrubs to become established?

A. More soil must accumulate.

B. The ground must be covered with grass.

C. Smaller plants must die now.    

D. Ferns must take root.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best first each of the numbered blanks

Humans are destroying the earth’s tropical rain forests. About 80,000 square kilometers are being destroyed every year. About a quarter of the (38)_____ comes from people cutting trees for fuel. Another quarter is to make grassland for their cattle. The (39)______ trees are cut down to sell the wood to start farms.

The population in cities all over the world is growing, and more and more wood is needed to build huge new buildings. For example, 5,000 trees from Sarawak rain forest in Malaysia were used to build just one tall building. (40)_______ people continue cutting down that many trees in Sarawak rain forest, all the trees could be gone in eight years.

The world needs more food, and it (41)______ like a good idea to clear the rain forests and use the land for agriculture. Many people think that the land under these huge, thick forests must be in rich nutrients, but it isn't. This is another surprising thing about rain forests. Most of the land in tropical rain forest is very (42)________.

Điền vào ô 38

A. destruction

B. destroying

C. destroy

D. destructive

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best first each of the numbered blanks

Humans are destroying the earth’s tropical rain forests. About 80,000 square kilometers are being destroyed every year. About a quarter of the (38)_____ comes from people cutting trees for fuel. Another quarter is to make grassland for their cattle. The (39)______ trees are cut down to sell the wood to start farms.

The population in cities all over the world is growing, and more and more wood is needed to build huge new buildings. For example, 5,000 trees from Sarawak rain forest in Malaysia were used to build just one tall building. (40)_______ people continue cutting down that many trees in Sarawak rain forest, all the trees could be gone in eight years.

The world needs more food, and it (41)______ like a good idea to clear the rain forests and use the land for agriculture. Many people think that the land under these huge, thick forests must be in rich nutrients, but it isn't. This is another surprising thing about rain forests. Most of the land in tropical rain forest is very (42)________.

Điền vào ô 42

A. short

B. poor

C. unfortunate

D. ill

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best first each of the numbered blanks

Humans are destroying the earth’s tropical rain forests. About 80,000 square kilometers are being destroyed every year. About a quarter of the (38)_____ comes from people cutting trees for fuel. Another quarter is to make grassland for their cattle. The (39)______ trees are cut down to sell the wood to start farms.

The population in cities all over the world is growing, and more and more wood is needed to build huge new buildings. For example, 5,000 trees from Sarawak rain forest in Malaysia were used to build just one tall building. (40)_______ people continue cutting down that many trees in Sarawak rain forest, all the trees could be gone in eight years.

The world needs more food, and it (41)______ like a good idea to clear the rain forests and use the land for agriculture. Many people think that the land under these huge, thick forests must be in rich nutrients, but it isn't. This is another surprising thing about rain forests. Most of the land in tropical rain forest is very (42)________.

Điền bào ô 39

A. staying

B. remaining

C. standing

D. dwelling

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best first each of the numbered blanks

Humans are destroying the earth’s tropical rain forests. About 80,000 square kilometers are being destroyed every year. About a quarter of the (38)_____ comes from people cutting trees for fuel. Another quarter is to make grassland for their cattle. The (39)______ trees are cut down to sell the wood to start farms.

The population in cities all over the world is growing, and more and more wood is needed to build huge new buildings. For example, 5,000 trees from Sarawak rain forest in Malaysia were used to build just one tall building. (40)_______ people continue cutting down that many trees in Sarawak rain forest, all the trees could be gone in eight years.

The world needs more food, and it (41)______ like a good idea to clear the rain forests and use the land for agriculture. Many people think that the land under these huge, thick forests must be in rich nutrients, but it isn't. This is another surprising thing about rain forests. Most of the land in tropical rain forest is very (42)________.

Điền vào ô 40

A. Unless

B. If

C. While

D. Although