a) \(sin^4x+cos^4x=\left(sin^2x\right)^2+\left(cos^2x\right)^2\)
\(=\left(sin^2x\right)^2+2sin^2xcos^2x+\left(cos^2x\right)^2-2sin^2xcos^2x\)
\(=\left(sin^2x+cos^2x\right)^2-2sin^2xcos^2x\)
\(=1-2sin^2xcos^2x\)
b) \(\dfrac{1+cotx}{1-cotx}=\dfrac{tanx.cotx+cotx}{tanx.cotx-cotx}\)
\(=\dfrac{cotx.\left(tanx+1\right)}{cotx.\left(tanx-1\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{tanx+1}{tanx-1}\)
c) \(\dfrac{cosx+sinx}{cos^3x}=\dfrac{1}{cos^2x}+\dfrac{tanx}{cos^2x}\)
\(=1+tan^2x+tanx.\dfrac{1}{cos^2x}\)
\(=1+tan^2x+tanx.\left(1+tan^2x\right)\)
\(=1+tan^2x+tanx+tan^3x\)
\(=tan^3x+tan^2x+tanx+1\)