Cho đa thức \(P\left(x\right)=a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+...+a_1x+a_0\) với \(a_n\ne0\). Giả sử \(\alpha\) là nghiệm của P(x). Chứng minh rằng:
a) \(\left|\alpha\right|< 1+max\left|\dfrac{a_i}{a_n}\right|\left(0\le i\le n-1\right)\)
b) \(\left|\alpha\right|\le2max\left|\dfrac{a_i}{a_n}\right|\left(0\le i\le n-1\right)\)
- Nếu \(a_i=0\) ; \(\forall i\in\left(0;n-1\right)\Rightarrow a_nx^n=0\Rightarrow\alpha=0< 1\) thỏa mãn
- Nếu tồn tại \(a_i\ne0\), đặt \(max\left|\dfrac{a_i}{a_n}\right|=A>0\)
Do \(\alpha\) là nghiệm nên:
\(a_n\alpha^n+a_{n-1}\alpha^{n-1}+...+a_1\alpha+a_0=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a_0}{a_n}+\dfrac{a_1}{a_n}\alpha+...+\dfrac{a_{n-1}}{a_n}\alpha^{n-1}=-\alpha^n\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left|\alpha^n\right|=\left|\dfrac{a_0}{a_n}+\dfrac{a_1}{a_n}\alpha+...+\dfrac{a_{n-1}}{a_n}\alpha^{n-1}\right|\)
\(\Rightarrow\left|\alpha^n\right|\le\left|\dfrac{a_0}{a_n}\right|+\left|\dfrac{a_1}{a_n}\right|.\left|\alpha\right|+...+\left|\dfrac{a_{n-1}}{a_n}\right|.\left|\alpha^{n-1}\right|\le A+A.\left|\alpha\right|+...+A.\left|\alpha^{n-1}\right|\)
\(\Rightarrow\left|\alpha^n\right|\le A\left(1+\left|\alpha\right|+\left|\alpha^2\right|+...+\left|\alpha^{n-1}\right|\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\left|\alpha^n\right|\le A.\dfrac{\left|\alpha^n\right|-1}{\left|\alpha\right|-1}\)
TH1: Nếu \(\left|\alpha\right|\le1\) hiển nhiên ta có \(\left|\alpha\right|< 1+A\) (đpcm)
TH2: Nếu \(\left|\alpha\right|>1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left|\alpha^n\right|\le\dfrac{A.\left|\alpha^n\right|}{\left|\alpha\right|-1}-\dfrac{A}{\left|\alpha\right|-1}< \dfrac{A.\left|\alpha^n\right|}{\left|\alpha\right|-1}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left|\alpha\right|-1< A\Rightarrow\left|\alpha\right|< 1+A\) (đpcm)
