Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.
Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.
Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.
Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.
It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that conflict results when ___________.
A. one culture is more invisible than another culture
B. people compete with those from other cultures
C. some people recognize more cultural differences than others
D. people think cultural differences are personal
Đáp án D
Có thể suy ra từ đoạn 3 rằng mâu thuẫn xảy ra khi___________
A. văn hoá này khó nhận biết hơn văn hoá kia
B. người ta ganh đua với người từ nền văn hoá khác
C. vài người nhận biết nhiều khác biệt trong văn hoá hơn người khác
D. người ta đánh đồng khác biệt văn hoá với khác biệt quan điểm cá nhân
Câu 2 đoạn 3: “Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal.”
(Mâu thuẫn có thể xảy ra khi chúng ta không xem khác biệt trong cách hành xử của người khác như một đặc tính về văn hoá mà coi nó như vấn đề cá nhân.)