Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.
Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.
Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.
There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation – that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning in clued learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.
According to the passage, what are children NOT usually taught outside the classroom?
A. Literacy and calculation
B. Interpersonal communication
C. Life skills
D. Right from wrong
Đáp án A
Thông tin: When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics.
Dịch nghĩa: Khi chúng vào trường học, trẻ con học những môn học lý thuyết cơ bản như đọc, viết và toán học.
Đây là những môn thường được dạy trong nhà trường, không hay được dạy bên ngoài lớp học. Do đó, phương án A. Literacy and calculation = đọc viết chữ và tính toán, là phương án chính xác nhất.
B. Interpersonal communication = giao tiếp giữa các cá nhân
They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom … They learn social skills for interacting with other children. = Chúng cũng tiếp tục học được rất nhiều ngoài lớp học … Chúng học các kĩ năng xã hội để tương tác với những đứa trẻ khác.
Kĩ năng để tương tác với những đứa trẻ khác chính là sự giao tiếp giữa các cá nhân. Đó là điều được dạy ngoài lớp học chứ không phải trong lớp học. Do đó phương án B sai.
C. Life skills = kỹ năng sống
They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom … After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job. = Chúng cũng tiếp tục học được rất nhiều ngoài lớp học … Sau khi ra trường, người ta phải học để thích nghi với rất nhiều biến cố lớn ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống, như kết hôn, nuôi con, và tìm và giữ việc làm.
Việc thích nghi với rất nhiều biến cố lớn ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống chính là các kỹ năng sống. Đó là điều được dạy ngoài lớp học chứ không phải trong lớp học. Do đó phương án C sai.
D. Right from wrong = phân biệt đúng sai
They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. = Chúng cũng tiếp tục học được rất nhiều ngoài lớp học … Chúng học những hành vi nào là dễ dược khen thưởng và những hành vi nào là dễ bị trách phạt.
Việc phân biệt những hành vi nào là dễ dược khen thưởng và những hành vi nào là dễ bị trách phạt chính là phân biệt đúng sai. Đó là điều được dạy ngoài lớp học chứ không phải trong lớp học. Do đó phương án B sai.