Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965) called thus the "liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds." Electronic music, for example - made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments - may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical.
Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and non-electronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music - tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas - are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of Microtones. Non- Western music typically divides and intervals between two pitches more finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters - closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium. Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graph like diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to _________
A. chart the history of innovation in musical notation
B. explain the logic of standard musical notation
C. design and develop electronic instruments
D. indicate how particular sounds should be produced
Đáp án D.
Key words: paragraph 3, diagrams, example, new way.
Clue: “Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page”: Bởi vì kí hiệu âm nhạc tiêu chuẩn không tạo nên nguồn cung cho sự tiến bộ, điểm số âm nhạc gần đây chưa đựng nhiều biếu đồ đồ họa, hình dạng và kí hiệu nốt mới, và nhiều cách hay đế sắp xếp các kí hiệu trên trang nhạc.
A. chart the history of innovation in musical notation: đồ thị lịch sử phát triển của kí hiệu âm nhạc. Sai, vì không hợp ý tác giả.
B. explain the logic of Standard musical notation: giải thích sự hợp lí của kí hiệu âm nhạc tiêu chuẩn. Sai, tham khảo clue.
C. design and develop electronic instruments: thiết kế và phát triển nhạc cụ điện tử. Sai, vì không có thông tin trong bài nói về việc thiêt kế âm thanh.
D. indicate how particular sounds should be produced: chỉ ra cách mà các âm thanh được tạo nên. Đúng, tham khảo clue.