Read the following passage and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each for the questions.
Line Europeans who arrived in the Americas, the first American Indians were immigrants. Because Indians were nomadic hunters and gatherers, they probably arrived in search of new hunting grounds from Asia when they crossed the ice-covered Bering Strait to Alaska. Anthropologists estimate that the entire Indian population north of Mexico was slightly greater than 1,020,000 when the first settlers arrived from Europe. Although Native Americans belonged to one geographic race, their cultures and languages were only marginally similar, and by and large, they had different ways of life. Nomadic migrations required Indians to construct shelters that did not need to be transported, but could be easily erected from the materials found in their new location.
Eastern Woodland Indian tribes lived in bark-covered wigwams that were shaped like cones or domes. The frame for the hut was made of young trees firmly driven into the ground, and then bent overhead to tie together with bark fibers or strings of animal hides. Sheets and slabs of bark were attached to the frame to construct the roof and walls, leaving an opening to serve as a door and to allow smoke to escape. The Iroquois in north eastern regions built longhouses that were more spacious than wigwams because five to a dozen families lived under one roof. During the winter, they plastered clay to the poles of the frame to protect the inhabitants from wind and rain.
Pueblo Indians who lived in the southwest portion of the United States in northern Arizona and New Mexico constructed elaborate housing with several stories and many rooms. Each family unit had only one room, and their ancestors dug shelters in the walls of cliffs and canyons. The ground story of a Pueblo dwelling had no doors or windows in order to prevent enemies from entering. The next level was set back the width of one room, and the row of rooms above it was set back once again, giving their houses the appearance of a terrace Pueblos used ladders to climb to the upper levels and pulled them in when all family members returned for the night.
Indians living in deserts used sandstone and clay as construction materials. Those who lived in the valleys of rivers even made bricks of clay with wood chips to add strength and to prevent the clay from cracking. To make roofs, Pueblos tied logs together to make rafters and laid them across the two outside walls. On top of the rafters, layers of tree branches, sticks, grass, and brush created a solid roof to preclude the water from leaking inside. Pueblo dwellings were dark because windows were often not large enough to allow much light
What was the main difference between the dwelling of Pueblo and Woodland Indians?
A. The Pueblos lived in permanent structures, but the Woodland Indians lived in transient shelters
B. The Pueblos used wood in their constructions, but the Woodland Indians relied mostly on animal hides
C. The Woodland Indians lived on flat ground, but the Pueblos lived in canyons
D. The Woodland Indians built small shelters, but the Pueblo rooms were large
Đáp án là A.
Sự khác nhau chủ yếu giữa chỗ cư trú của người Ấn Độ Pueblo và Woodlan là gì?
A. Người Pueblo sốn trong những ngôi nhà kiên cố, nhưng người Woodland sống trong những chỗ trú ngụ tạm thời.
B. Người Pueblo dùng gỗ để xây dựng, nhưng người Woodland chủ yếu dựa vào da động vật.
C. Người Woodland sống ở đồng bằng, nhưng người Pueblo sống trong những khe núi.
D. Người Woodland xây dựng những chỗ ẩn nấp nhỏ, nhưng người Pueblo có những căn phòng rộng lớn.
Dẫn chứng: Eastern Woodland Indian tribes lived in bark-covered wigwams that were shaped like cones or domes.
Pueblo Indians who lived in the southwest portion of the United States in northern Arizona and New Mexico constructed elaborate housing with several stories and many rooms