Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.
The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called “the vitamin period.” Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.
In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960's, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of under nutrition that lead to chronic health problems.
Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950's?
A. The public lost interest in vitamins.
B. Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.
C. Nutritional research was of poor quality.
D. Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.
Đáp án D.
Key words: vitamin therapy, losing favor, 1950’s
Clue: “In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960's, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute [...] Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated”: Giai đoạn thứ 3 trong lịch sử dinh dưỡng là vào khoảng đầu những năm 1950 đến giữa những năm 1960 khi mà liệu pháp vitamin bắt đầu bị mang tiếng xấu [...] Những mong đợi đối với thành công của vitamin trong việc kiếm soát bệnh tật đã bị phóng đại.
A. The public lost interest in vitamins: công chúng mất đi sự quan tâm đổi với vitamin.
B. Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts: trường y khoa dừng việc giảng dạy những khái niệm về dinh dưỡng.
C. Nutritional research was of poor quality: nghiên cứu về dinh dưỡng có chất lượng kém.
D. Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated: những khẳng định về tính hiệu quả của liệu pháp vitamin bị phóng đại.
Mọi người không còn hứng thú với liệu pháp này nữa vì cho rằng hiệu quả của liệu pháp vitamin đã bị phóng đại → Đáp án chính xác là D.