a)x^2+2x-4y^2-4y
=(x2-4y2)+(2x-4y)
=(x-2y)(x+2y)+2.(x-2y)
=(x-2y)(x+2y+2)
b)x^4-6x^3+54x-81
=(x4-81)+(-6x3+54x)
=(x2-9)(x2+9)-6x.(x2-9)
=(x2-9)(x2+9-6x)
=(x-3)(x+3)(x-3)2
=(x-3)3(x+3)
c)ax^2+ax-bx^2-bx-a+b
=(ax2-bx2)+(ax-bx)+(-a+b)
=x2.(a-b)+x.(a-b)-(a-b)
=(a-b)(x2+x+1)