a) 8x2 + 4xy - 2ax - ay = (8x2 + 4xy) - (2ax + ay) = 4x(2x + y) - a(2x + y) = (4x - a)(2x + y)
b) 2xy - x2 - y2 = 16 - (-2xy + x2 + y2) = 42 - (x - y)2 = (4 - x + y)(4 + x - y)
c) x2 - y2 - 2yz - z2 = x2 - (y2 + 2yz + z2) = z2 - (y + z)2 = (z - y - z)(z + y + z)