a. x3+x2y-4x-4y
=x2(x+y)-4(x+y)
= (x+y).(x2-4)
= (x+y).(x-4).(x+2)
d. a4+4
= (a2)2+22
= (a2)2+4a2+22-4a2
= (a2+2)2-4a2
= (a2+2-2a)(a2+2+2a)
= (a2-2a+2)(a2+2a+2)
b. x3-4x2+4x-1
= x(x2-4x+1)-1
=x(x-2)2-12
=x(x-2-1)(x-2+1)
=x(x-3)(x-1
c. x2+2x-15
= x2-3x+5x-15
= x(x-3)+5(x-3)
= (x-3)(x+5)