1) x2 + x2y - y - 1
= x2( 1 + y ) - ( 1 + y )
= ( 1 + y )( x2 - 1 )
= ( 1 + y )( x - 1 )( x + 1 )
2) x2 + y2 - 2xy - 25
= ( x2 - 2xy + y2 ) - 25
= ( x - y )2 - 52
= ( x - y - 5 )( x - y + 5 )
3) ( 2x - 1 )( x2 + 2x - 1 ) - ( 1 - 2x )( x - 3 )
= ( 2x - 1 )( x2 + 2x - 1 ) + ( 2x - 1 )( x - 3 )
= ( 2x - 1 )( x2 + 2x - 1 + x - 3 )
= ( 2x - 1 )( x2 + 3x - 4 )
= ( 2x - 1 )( x2 - x + 4x - 4 )
= ( 2x - 1 )[ x( x - 1 ) + 4( x - 1 ) ]
= ( 2x - 1 )( x - 1 )( x + 4 )
4) a2 + x2 - 16 + 2ax
= ( a2 + 2ax + x2 ) - 16
= ( a + x )2 - 42
= ( a + x - 4 )( a + x + 4 )