a) x3 - 4x2 + 12x - 27 = (x - 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) - 4x(x - 3)
= (x - 3)(x2 + 3x + 9 - 4x) = (x - 3)(x2 - x + 9)
b) x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 - x + 1) + 2x(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x2 - x + 1 + 2x) = (x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
c) y4 - 2y3 + 2y - 1 = (y2 - 1)(y2 + 1) - 2y(y2 - 1)
= (y2 - 1)(y2 + 1 - 2y) = (y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 1)2
= (y + 1)(y - 1)3