a ) = 3 ( x^2 + 2xy + y^2 - z^2 )
= 3 [ ( x + y)^2 - z^2]
= 3 ( x + y - z)( x + y + z)
b) 4 y^ 2 - 5 y - 6 = 4y^2 - 8y + 3y - 6 = 4y ( y- 2 ) + 3 ( y- 2 ) = ( 4y +3 )( y - 2 )
d) x^4 + x^2y^2 + y^4 = x^4 + 2 x^2y^2 + y^4 - x^2y^2 = ( x^2 + y^2 )^2 - (xy)^2 = ( x^2 - xy + y^ 2)( x^2 + xy + y^2)