Bài 27: Điều chế khí oxi-Phản ứng phân hủy

PT: \(2KClO_3\underrightarrow{t^o}2KCl+3O_2\)

\(2KMnO_4\underrightarrow{t^o}K_2MnO_4+MnO_2+O_2\)

Coi m_KClO3 = m_KMnO4 = 1 (g)

Ta có: \(n_{KClO_3}=\dfrac{1}{122,5}\left(mol\right)\) \(\Rightarrow n_{O_2\left(KClO_3\right)}=\dfrac{3}{2}n_{KClO_3}=\dfrac{3}{245}\left(mol\right)\)

\(n_{KMnO_4}=\dfrac{1}{158}\left(mol\right)\Rightarrow n_{O_2\left(KMnO_4\right)}=\dfrac{1}{2}n_{KMnO_4}=\dfrac{1}{316}\left(mol\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{245}>\dfrac{1}{316}\)

Vậy: Cùng 1 khối lượng, KClO₃ cho nhiều khí O₂ hơn.

\(2KClO_3\underrightarrow{t^o}2KCl+3O_2\uparrow\)

\(2KMnO_4\underrightarrow{t^o}K_2MnO_4+MnO_2+O_2\uparrow\)

Qua phương trình trên ta thấy đc KClO3 thu đc nhiều khí oxi hơn là KMnO4

a) \(2Fe+3Cl_2\xrightarrow[]{t^o}2FeCl_3\)

b) \(Fe+S\xrightarrow[]{t^o}FeS\)

c) \(2NaHCO_3\xrightarrow[]{t^o}Na_2CO_3+CO_2+H_2O\)

\(n_{Fe_3O_4}=\dfrac{m}{M}=\dfrac{6,96}{56\cdot3+16\cdot4}=0,03\left(mol\right)\\ PTHH;3Fe+2O_2-^{t^o}>Fe_3O_4\)

tỉ lệ:      3         :  2       :     1

n(mol)   0,09<-----0,06<---0,03

\(m_{Fe}=n\cdot M=0,09\cdot56=5,04\left(g\right)\\ V_{O_2\left(dktc\right)}=n\cdot22,4=0,06\cdot22,4=1,344\left(l\right)\)

a) $3Fe + 2O_2 \xrightarrow{t^o} Fe_3O_4$

b) $n_{Fe_3O_4} = \dfrac{6,96}{232} = 0,3(mol)$
Theo PTHH : 

$n_{Fe} = 3n_{Fe_3O_4} = 0,9(mol) \Rightarrow m_{Fe} = 0,9.56 = 50,4(gam)$
$n_{O_2} = 2n_{Fe_3O_4} = 0,6(mol) \Rightarrow V_{O_2} = 0,6.22,4 = 13,44(lít)$

a, PT: \(3Fe+2O_2\underrightarrow{t^o}Fe_3O_4\)

Ta có: \(n_{Fe_3O_4}=\dfrac{2,32}{232}=0,01\left(mol\right)\)

Theo PT: \(n_{Fe}=3n_{Fe_3O_4}=0,03\left(mol\right)\Rightarrow m_{Fe}=0,03.56=1,68\left(g\right)\)

\(n_{O_2}=2n_{Fe_3O_4}=0,02\left(mol\right)\Rightarrow m_{O_2}=0,02.32=0,64\left(g\right)\)

b, PT: \(2KMnO_4\underrightarrow{t^o}K_2MnO_4+MnO_2+O_2\)

Theo PT: \(n_{KMnO_4}=2n_{O_2}=0,04\left(mol\right)\Rightarrow m_{KMnO_4}=0,04.158=6,32\left(g\right)\)

Có lẽ đề cho "Đốt cháy hoàn toàn 5,4 g Al" bạn nhỉ?

a, PT: \(4Al+3O_2\underrightarrow{t^o}2Al_2O_3\)

Ta có: \(n_{Al}=\dfrac{5,4}{27}=0,2\left(mol\right)\)

Theo PT: \(n_{O_2}=\dfrac{3}{4}n_{Al}=0,15\left(mol\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow V_{O_2}=0,15.22,4=3,36\left(l\right)\)

b, PT: \(2KMnO_4\underrightarrow{t^o}K_2MnO_4+MnO_2+O_2\)

Theo PT: \(n_{KMnO_4}=2n_{O_2}=0,3\left(mol\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow m_{KMnO_4}=0,3.158=47,4\left(g\right)\)

\(n_{CH_4}=\dfrac{22.311}{22.4}\simeq1\left(mol\right)\)

CH4+2O2->CO2+2H2O

1         1           1

\(V=1\cdot22.4=22.4\left(lít\right)\)

$2KClO_3 \xrightarrow{t^o} 2KCl + 3O_2$

a)

$n_{O_2} = \dfrac{64}{32} = 2(mol)$
Theo PTHH : 

$n_{KClO_3} = \dfrac{2}{3}n_{O_2} = \dfrac{4}{3}(mol)$
$m_{KClO_3} = \dfrac{4}{3}.122,5 = 163,3(gam)$

b) $n_{O_2} = \dfrac{7,437}{24,79} = 0,3(mol)$

$\Rightarrow n_{KClO_3} = 0,2(mol)$
$\Rightarrow m_{KClO_3} = 0,2.122,5 = 24,5(gam)$

Câu 11: 

\(n_{CaO}=\dfrac{11,2}{56}=0,2\left(mol\right);n_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{39,2}{98}=0,4\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH:           \(CaO+H_2SO_4\rightarrow CaSO_4+H_2O\)

Ban đầu:         0,2       0,4             0,2

Sau pư:            0         0,2            0,2

`=>`\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m_{H_2SO_4}=0,2.98=19,6\left(g\right)\\m_{CaSO_4}=0,2.136=27,2\left(g\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Câu 12:

\(n_S=\dfrac{6,4}{32}=0,2\left(mol\right);n_{O_2}=\dfrac{11,2}{22,4}=0,5\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH:           \(S+O_2\xrightarrow[]{t^o}SO_2\)

Ban đầu:       0,2   0,5

Sau pư:         0     0,3       0,2

`=>`\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}V_{O_2}=0,3.22,4=6,72\left(l\right)\\V_{SO_2}=0,2.22,4=4,48\left(l\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Câu 13:

\(n_C=\dfrac{4,8}{12}=0,4\left(mol\right);n_{O_2}=\dfrac{6,72}{22,4}=0,3\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH:           \(C+O_2\xrightarrow[]{t^o}CO_2\)

Ban đầu:      0,4   0,3

Sau pư:        0,1   0        0,3

`=>`\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m_{C\left(d\text{ư}\right)}=0,1.12=1,2\left(g\right)\\V_{CO_2}=0,3.22,4=6,72\left(l\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Câu 14:

\(n_{BaCl_2}=\dfrac{20,8}{208}=0,1\left(mol\right);n_{H_2SO_4}=\dfrac{9,8}{98}=0,1\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH:         \(BaCl_2+H_2SO_4\rightarrow BaSO_4+2HCl\)

Ban đầu:       0,1           0,1

Sau pư:         0              0               0,1           0,2

`=>`\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m_{BaSO_4}=0,1.233=23,3\left(g\right)\\m_{HCl}=0,2.36,5=7,3\left(g\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

Câu 15: 

\(n_{CuO}=\dfrac{20}{80}=0,25\left(mol\right);n_{HCl}=\dfrac{18,25}{36,5}=0,5\left(mol\right)\)

PTHH:          \(CuO+2HCl\rightarrow CuCl_2+H_2O\)

Ban đầu:        0,25     0,5

Sau pư:           0          0            0,25

`=>`\(m_{CuCl_2}=0,25.135=33,75\left(g\right)\)

\(a,4Na+O_2\underrightarrow{t^o}2Na_2O\)

\(4:1:2\left(mol\right)\)

\(0,01:0,0025:0,005\left(mol\right)\)

\(n_{Na}=\dfrac{m}{M}=\dfrac{0,23}{23}=0,01\left(mol\right)\)

\(b,m_{Na_2O}=n.M=0,005.\left(23.2+16\right)=0,31\left(g\right)\)

\(c,V_{O_2}=n.22,4=0,0025.22,4=0,056\left(l\right)\)