a) x3 - 4x2 + 4x - xy2
= x( x2 - 2.2x + 22 - y2)
= x[( x- 2)2 - y2]
= x( x -2 -y).(x - 2 +y)
b) x3 - 4x2 + 12x - 27
=( x3 - 33 )- 4x( x - 3)
= ( x - 3).( x2 + 3x + 9) - 4x( x-3)
= ( x-3).( x2 + 3x +9 -4x )
= ( x-3) .( x2 - x + 9)
c) 5x3 - 5x2y - 10x2 + 10xy
= 5x( x2 - xy - 2x + 2y)
= 5x[ x( x -y) - 2( x -y)]
= 5x.( x -2).( x -y)
d) 3x2 - 6xy + 3y2 - 12z2
= 3( x2 - 2xy + y2 - 4z2)
= 3.[ ( x -y)2 - ( 2z)2]
= 3.( x - y - 2z ).( x -y +2z)