Ta có:
\(P\left(0\right)=a.0+b.0+c.0+d=d⋮5\Rightarrow d⋮5\)
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}P\left(1\right)=a+b+c+d⋮5\\P\left(-1\right)=-a+b-c+d⋮5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow P\left(1\right)+P\left(-1\right)⋮5\)
\(\Rightarrow2b+2d⋮5\) , mà \(d⋮5\Rightarrow2b⋮5\Rightarrow b⋮5\) (do 2 không chia hết cho 5)
Do \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}P\left(1\right)=a+b+c+d⋮5\\b⋮5\\d⋮5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow a+c⋮5\Rightarrow2a+2c⋮5\) (1)
Lại có \(P\left(2\right)=8a+4b+2c+d⋮5\) (2)
Từ \(\left(1\right);\left(2\right)\Rightarrow P\left(2\right)+2a+2c⋮5\)
\(\Rightarrow10a+4b+4c+d⋮5\)
Mà \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}10⋮5\Rightarrow10a⋮5\\b⋮5\Rightarrow4b⋮5\\d⋮5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow4c⋮5\Rightarrow c⋮5\) (do 4 không chia hết cho 5)
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+c⋮5\\c⋮5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow a⋮5\)
Vậy \(a,b,c,d\) đều chia hết cho 5